Macroeconomic convergence, economic growth and financial development Dissertation

Macroeconomic carrefour, economic step-up and financial development of India - speaking ExampleIndia is an emerging kingdom that has developed into an open market economy. In 2010, CIA World Fact bind ranks India as 5th in the world economy having $4.06 trillion gross domestic product (GDP.). However, kindred source indicates there are still traces of its past autarkic policies because of the social democratic policies that have governed the country since 1947 to 1991. At that time, the economy was characterized by extensive regulation, slow growth, protectionism, and corruption. Reforms introduced in early 1990s that included tack and industry liberalization, removal of government control from the industries, and transfer of control of government resource to private line of business sector accelerated economic growth. Vernani (n.d.) estimated Indias economic growth since 1951 up to 1971 stayed at 3%, and in 1995 went up to 5%. Since 1997, Indias expansion has been more than 7%. Indias growth comes from farming, cultivation, craft, bleak industries and other services (CIA). Total labor force is 478 million 52% is in agriculture, 34% is in services and 14% for other industries. India boasts of a large educated English-speaking population that becomes its asset for its exportation of information technology and software workers. The economic growth slowed down to 6.7% in 2008-2009 but has improved to 7.4% for the relievo of 2009 to 2010 (Virnani) Due to big local demand in 2010, the country recovered strongly from the economic nuclear meltdown and has charted over 9% growth. (Virmani,) At this time too, investment growth rate doubled as well as private consumption and imports accelerated however, government consumption slowed down. Vernani explained that in 2007, investments were over 35% demands were much higher than previous years investment rate grew to 18% domestic demands climbed to 60.1% and a ostracise rate for exports. However, despite the pron ounced growths, CIA showed problems of India that include extensive privation, insufficient infrastructures, limited employment opportunities in non-agriculture sector, undermanned way in to quality education, and accommodation of rural-to-urban migration. Financial development in India The process of financial strategy in India according to Sandhya (2009) is an interaction of financial institutions, financial markets, financial instruments/assets/securities and financial services which are controlled by the government . The Indian financial system is also parallel in the role of other governments in the financial markets. Cihak (2011) said the role of governments in finance was less before the global crisis because empirical studies showed insalubrious effects of government interventions. The crisis changed the minds of the people and thought that it is time for the government to adopt policies to maintain stability, drive growth and create jobs. As such, clearer roles emerged f or the government to adopt direct interventions such as ownership, credit guarantees and liability guarantees. governance has to regulate and supervise economic activities and to promote competition, infrastructure and technology, Cihak said. Empirical results of macroeconomic convergence theories. Economic convergence starts with simple cooperation on agreed upon aspects from among member countries that often lead to integration or merger of these countries. Maruping (2005) defines macroeconomic convergence as a local assimilation that requires joining of two or more states, fundamentally thru a Privileged Agreement, sometimes done thru Bilateral Trade Agreeements. He describes economic convergence as an organized plan intended for the easy access of service and goods as well as coordination of contrary economic policies of these states in the same region. According to the Dictionary of Trade Policy Terms of WTO, regionalism is described as actions by governments to liberalize o r facilitate trade on a regional basis, sometimes through with(predicate) free-trade areas or

The Evolution of Complex Societies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Evolution of Complex Societies - Essay ExampleThis paper is laborious to investigate the rise of different building complex societies or civilizations in various regions of the world. One key technique of facilitating this investigation is to recognize the common features of these complex societies and the aspects that excite influenced their development that can be distinguished from the archaeological evidence. The renowned authors have provided various methods with their theories for the advance of complex societies, such as the multiple effect theory. harmonise to their works, innovations in one subsystem or aspect of culture boost and influence other cultural aspects via constructive feedback. The authors argue that the cumulative impact of the interaction mingled with these diverse subsystems due to these innovations is the emergence of civilization. This theory of multiplier factor effect in force is demonstrated by deducing the assortment of artifacts from the div erse cultures of the Aegean Bronze old age during the 3rd millennium BCE and examining seeds, animal bones, and architectural remnants collected from archaeological sites located in the area that go out to this period. The authors explanation of the organic evolution of complex cultures during the Aegean period has persisted to dictate the way Aegean archaeologists approach this subject. Their ideas have widely endured the examination of Aegean archaeologists, raising the question of whether this theory can effectively explain the evolution of various diverse complex cultures worldwide. ... For instance, questions have been raised as to whether the theory can explain the complex societies that emerged in the lower Mississippi valley in the 2nd millennium BCE. This culture is most recognized by the huge earthworks in northeast Louisiana at Poverty Point. Examination of the archaeological info and artifacts of the Poverty Point society offers a positive answer to the questions rai sed. Despite the despite the immense differences between the societies in terms of their religion, art, architecture, and economics, the archaeological data point out this theory, as the authors explain (Stanish 2005). For a pick out of two such contrasting societies, that exist in very different surroundings, showing that they were influenced by the analogous exact processes, the theory offers students an instrument which they can connect to the archaeological data to assist them understand the familiar influence that the evolution of complex societies had on human societies. This comparative approach has an additional instructional returns in that students are able to expand their appreciation for the distinctive factors of each specific culture establish on the artifacts that each society produced (Tainter 1988). As a result, in the process of studying one primordial complex society after another, students can discover to acknowledge how particular kinds of relics expose sim ilar practices at work in the evolution of complex societies and the diversity in these societies. This comparative approach can be demonstrated by first identifying the main factors that characterize a complex society as categorise by the two authors. The authors use the neutral terms simple and

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 107

Discussion - Essay ExampleThere is a top argument on the place of the church service in combating witchcraft, through hunting the using the spirit.It is clear that the church did possess a fundamental use of goods and services in combating the witchcraft woes. Even when a friend or an enemy accused somebody, what followed was immediate prosecution without up to now confirmation of the events or the authenticity of the information. It was too unjust, even as the try to ensure that e rattling person did heed to the societal norms. In the discussion, there are lay claims that the church even took advantage of the witchcraft issue, and could punish any person who did not follow it precepts, with the claim that they were in possession of the witch. All that did instill fear among people. Such people were punished and excommunicated from all the societal activities (Barry, Jonathan, Marianne & Roberts, pg. 318).Essentially, the analysis of the discussion led to a rise of various conc epts that were not there previously. Most significantly, the role of the church in combating the witchcraft issues was not praised. The church had ventured in the earthly aspects and forgotten their core mandate, which is spreading the Good News of the Risen Christ. Prosecution through death was also against the Christian teachings, as the ex Commandments stipulate that one should not kill. Only God has the power to take life away. It is so criminal that even before one was presumed guilty, he or she was already prosecuted. There does emerge a very sensitive issue. Does the church follow the aspects of justice? How did they establish that whatever was being said was the utmost fair play? Torture was rampant, and it did remain so contradicting that the church was not in a position to preach almost justice, but rather coerced all the

JACOBSTOWE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

JACOBSTOWE - Essay ExampleJacobstowe found it difficult in 2007 to meet its working capital requirements. With low gearing, tight liquidity problems, working capital could not be utilized to its best. But despite all these adversaries, Jacob declared good dividend in order to maintain the foodstuff price of its scrips at certain predetermined level.All ventures in the business are executed to net the profits, and that is one of the most important tasks of business managers. Three ratios are used, namely Net cabbage Margin, fall nap on Assets, and open on Equity in order to evaluate the profitability of Jacobstowe Plc.a) Net Profit Margins Jacobstowe Plc.s net profit margins have gone down to 5.17% in 2007 from 6.42% in 2006. Despite the concomitant that there is increase in turnover from 5,622m to 5,996m, Jacobstowe has not been able to increase net profit margins. at that place could be a number of reasons for such a fall in profitability. One would notice that topical ratio of Jacobstowe has also fallen in the year 2007 as compared to 2006 even when total Receivables have increase it makes sense here to state that turnover would have increased at the cost of reduction in prices, and thus there are reduction in net margins. Initially with the reduction in prices crude margin would have gone down only as there was also increase in operating costs (those increased from 5099m in 2006 to 5486m in 2007), both factors would have worked together to bring down the net margins.b) Return on Assets (ROA) Another measure to assess profitability is Return on Assets (ROA). Return on assets in 2007 is 4.93 as compared 5.75 in 2006. Assets have performed if not less than their optimum capacity but certainly the performance was what it was in the year 2006. For calculation purposes average capital employed in 2006 is taken as in 2007. This is because of non- availability of information about total assets employed in 2005. Profitability on this count was also not ver y encouraging.The

Media, marketing and advertisment Research Paper

Media, marketing and advertisment - Research Paper poserThis is more compounded in the fact that marketers be in possession of increasingly stated that with advancement in advertising, the aim of copying by target audience or consumers need to be scrutinized. This is given that some pundits wear constantly argued that consumers tend to be inexperienced with technology (AMS 2011). It is increasingly clear that a consumer in the unexampled world is exposed to a number of choices emanating from adverts and marketing. This comes with a number of dimensions as we live in a postmodern world and attempt at building a culture of consumers being the driver of decisions and processes that manufacturers and distributors remove in. Postmodernism as an age and a phenomenon had increasingly bore the greatest responsibility as far as consumerism is concerned. In the United Kingdom for instance, a number of departmental stores have cropped up in reply to consumerism (Hincliffe 2009). Hincliff e (2009) again notes that 1 of the escalating habits nowadays is that with the arrival of convenience stores, commonwealth spend a great do by of their money shopping in supermarkets and the decisions they make have to do with adverts they see in the media, whether mainstream or otherwise. On average in the USA, most people consume 275 pounds of meat which is rather a high circumference and this is attributed to advert regarding this commodity. Further, according to him, there is an average of one passenger car for every two people in the US, One passenger car for about three people in Europe and one passenger car for 49 people in the developing countries. overall, the argument that consumer society is driven by choices or that it drives choices as far as consumption of goods and services are concerned must be examined in a number of ways. These should include understanding what consumer society is all about, the features of the Consumer Society, the drivers of Consumer Socie ty as it is directly with advertisement and phenomenon e.g. technologies like the internet, and other gadgets used nowadays by people all of which ensure that consumers bribe more and more. This paper focuses on the advertising and promotion within the context of media, taking into account consumerism as a recent phenomenon which has necessitated consumption landscape and other market changes. It focuses on overall view of advertisement and zeroes on the forms of media other than the traditional media technology. Advertising as a Promotion and Marketing tool Overall View Advertising is considered to be a central part of marketing and distribution mechanism of a variety of goods and by large, creation of choices in a consumer society today. This is more because, it is mostly propagated by the media. in time though advertising is relatively new as a profession, its effects beat those of religion and culture in shaping public view and perception. In the United States for instance, the money spent annually on advertisement outsmarts the total public expenditure on natural resources, higher education and police safeguard combined. Usually if one goes to a departmental store the goods they see displayed are often correlated with adverts they have seen either on billboards, in the media (print and otherwise) and this aids in decision making (Hincliffe 2009). Today, advertising is seen as quite crucial in promoting the Consumer Soci

Argument in Favor of Abortion Legalization Essay - 3

stemma in Favor of Abortion Legalization - Essay ExampleIt should be well understood that mothers earn a natural motherly instinct that causes them to have a profound likeness to children, at least their own. Therefore, when they be forced to abort during fetal complication, it should be seen as a last resort. Mothers should not be punished with a risk of death at times of complications because it was their decision to get pregnant at first. Whereas opponents argue that fetal life is sacred and should be spared in such instances, it should be understood that a mothers life is sacred and more important at such instances. Therefore, abortion should be legal at such instances.More worrying is the fact that mothers are forced to sustain and hold dear life against their will at instances of rape and unwanted pregnancies. Fundamentally, we should not be promoting forced motherhood since the alike(p) is likely to bring social issues such as juvenile delinquency as a lead of failed par enthood. Why should we force someone to support an unplanned family without financial assistance? Those who oppose abortion in such instances should provide a pool of resources for all parenthood caused by forced motherhood, at least they can help financially. Otherwise, abortion seems to be the most rational thing to do under the circumstances.It is expense noting that abortion is not killing since life begins at birth. Ideally, the fetus has not yet developed to a complete human being with free will and perception. This implies that fetus hardly has any moral precondition (Gaita and Sather 159). Although abortion should not be encouraged due to the associated complications, people should not feel as if they are committing murder since the same does not amount to terminating the life of a freely living being. The fetus is not yet developed and that is why it has to depend on another human being for survival.

My passion for Cooking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

My passion for readiness - Essay ExampleCooking has been my passion since time immemorial I have seen my mother grooming, and have always wished I was in her place. Cooking to me has come as second nature. I believe I have a singular skill set as far as cooking is concerned, not because I can cook everything, but because whatever I cook is always appreciated and liked by others. I whitethorn not be the jack of all trades, but surely I am the master of cooking. I love cooking for myself and for everyone else. So when its a fri demises party or a family dinner I am always approached for the right menu and right meals. I consider myself as a master in this field because I believe I know the right commixture of ingredients even if they are not explicitly mentioned in the recipe. I have an intuitive power when it comes to cooking, I can figure out my way and determine the right approach to cooking without any sharp thinking. Part of the reason behind my success in this field, is my c uriosity and urge to find out more about cooking all the time. I spend several hours searching for tips on the web and exploring recipes of known experts round the globe. My favorite dish as far as cooking is concerned is the Italian Pizza. many an(prenominal) people find it difficult to bake the crust of the pizza and often do not end up getting the right crispiness (MacKenzie). Either the crust turns out to be too downlike or too thin. However, my crust somehow is always appropriately baked it is never burnt. Pizza is something I like cooking the most because it is something that I love the most whenever Im hungry I know the pizza is just a few hours away.

History of Pyramids Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

bill of Pyramids - Term Paper ExampleThese structures very prominently reflect wealth and status of the Kings of that condemnation. Man fears time but the time fears pyramids. Arab saying. The history of pyramids stretches 4000 years back. Around 3000 B.C, an era began which is normally called the dynastic era. An era in which the greatest kings ruled different parts of the world. Especially the history of Egypt tells that Kings were praised like they argon being constitute by God. People wanted to keep the kings dead body in many special safe and conditions because it was their belief that there king has not completely died and they have to keep it intact. Believed to be gods, the royal family lived amid colossal palaces and temples built to honor them and their deified ancestors (Hawaas). The word Mummy came from this practice of the people of that time. These structures were to provide a safe and strong shelter for the dead bodies of their kings. However this culture of buildi ng pyramids was definitely started by their kings. Pyramids are not the part of Egyptian civilization only. There are others also like Mesopotamian and Mayan. As set forth earlier, pyramids are so old that from the heights of these pyramids, forty centuries look down on us. (Bonaparte). ... e mounds. More likely, Egyptian pyramids were modeled on a sacred, pointed stone called the benben.The benben symbolized the rays of the sun ancient texts claimed that pharaohs reached the heavens via sunbeams. (National Geographic) For a long period, archeologists and historians presented their theories regarding pyramids that how and why are these structures built? This is a question that kept everyone in a nominate of severe confusion for a very long period of time. The culture related to such mistake questions was provided by the pyramids itself. The inside of these pyramids is so well designed and managed by the ancient people that it provided loads of information and history of these st ructures. The concept or the culture of picture writing was introduced by Egyptians. They were really good at that and this mean of communication is very affective and understandable. The interior of Egyptian pyramids contains such picture writings on the walls describing the happenings and other processing of those old Kingdoms. In such picture writings that were plant, some were showing the building of these pyramids. These embedded pictures were of labors and mechanism technique they used to build these structures. These were so clear that people got the idea and the mystery story of process of creating the pyramids didnt remain a mystery anymore. One of such writing which was commonly found on the inside walls of most of the pyramids was HRAM (haram). This name (haram) signifies the holy place, the edifice consecrated in a circumstance manner, it may be some divinity, or some religious usage (Silvestre De Sacy). From these wall prints, it was also cerebrate that the process of making these pyramids was not easy. In fact these projects were running on

Economics in nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Economics in nurse - Essay Exampleactice reveals that consensus is yet to be arrived for introducing uniform working standard for nurses in the US, which adversely affects nursing practice.According to the American Association of Colleges of Nursing AACN, nursing education and the profession have an unparalleled hazard and capability to address the clinical issues that face the nations current health care arrangement. (American connexion of colleges of nursing, 2007). However, there is prolonged resentment among nurse graduates for not recognizing their worth in medical delivery system and disparity in their educational standards, which is worth analyzing. Initial professional education of nurses in the United States was stipulation in hospital schools and the system was established in the early 1870 that continued as late as 1945 with 99 percent of registered nurses (RNs) enrolling under this system. Young women aspiring to become nurses lived within the hospital, with an appr enticeship, for a period ranging from six months to three years and learned how to nurse by practicing required skills on the institutions patients. (Lynaugh, 2006, p.4). The Armstrong bank bill eventually known as Nurse Practice Act passed by the New York State Assembly on April 20, 1903, with the drive New York State Nurses Association and Rochesters leading nurses, that gave certified nurses the title Registered Nurses (RNs), is an important milestone in the professionalization of nursing. (The Nursing Practice Act - the Armstrong act of 1903, n.d.) Advances in medical care, longer life expectancy, and tike boom after World War II dramatically changed health care needs of the US population that prompted changes in nursing practice, which in turn necessitated transformation of nursing curriculum and training needs. major transformations in the US nursing education system took place after World War II, as during the late 1940s and 1950s federal and state governments passed

Modern World History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Modern World History - audition ExampleDeath-feud and antagonism between the states is one of the most dangerous evils which pressures mankind through each diachronic periods of time. In contrast to this confrontations, the primary goal of nation-states policies is to ensure their survival. That is, states seek to preserve their independence or sovereignty in a opposing environs. During the XX centuries, two world wars showed that the worlds fate hinged on the outcome of this enormous effort to meet the Axis threat of world conquest and restore the balance of power. In this hostile environment, the United res publicas became a strong force which balanced confrontations and peacefulness.The significance of the UN can be explained by the occurrence that previous attempts to achieve the world order had failed, simply the end of the WWII demanded a strong global geological formation to ensure global peace. In 1945, despite the emergent differences between the United States a nd the Soviet Union, World warfare II, like all previous great-power wars, paved the way for a new world order. The League of Nation had failed to meet new social and political landscape between the Second World War. In 1943, the quadruplet Power Declaration advanced principles for allied collaboration in the period following the end of soldiery confrontations (Hyde, 1960). The product of the Allies determination to create a new international organization to manage the postwar international order was conceived in this and other wartime agreements. Consistent with the expectation that the great powers would cooperate to manage world affairs, mainland China was promised a seat on the United Nations Security Council along with France and the Big Three. The purpose was to guarantee that all of the dominant states would share responsibility for keeping the peace (Mcwhinney, 1984). In 1945, the UN represented a supranational level - a political body that exerted influence upon several n ational governments. On the other hand, the UN was used as a silent tool of competition between the USA and USSR. Both countries used the United Nations not to keep the peace, but to pursue their competition with one another. As the most recent great-power war of the twentieth century, it still casts its rear end over the post-Cold War geostrategic landscape. Perhaps the most certain feature of this otherwise uncertain environment was the ascendancy of the United States and the Soviet Union as its dominant powers (Debrix, 1999). Today, the UN has lost its strategic significance in contrast to 1945, and for this very reason many political leaders and scientist suppose that the role of the United Nations as a whole in economic and social affairs, including its relationship to the Bretton Woods institutions needs to be re-thought and invigorate (Murithi, 2003, p.3). The end of the Cold War and the War on Terror demonstrated that the USA can plump indefinitely. Russia has made the tr ansition over the last ten years to an independent democratic nation state. The number of new economic centers the Triad and European Union, NAFTA and ASEAN reduce the role and impact of the UN on the global peace and foreign relations. At the beginning of the 21st century, the global regulatory environment consists of a variety of governmental and nongovernmental agencies that enforce laws or set guidelines for conducting business and political affairs (Graham, 2003, p. 5). A change process lies at the

Payment plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Payment plan - Essay ExampleMFA worked by creating quotas that restricted the competition posed by imports irrespective of the benefits of price considerations (Isenheim, 2007 p6). Quotas helped remove some part of the incentives offered to foreign suppliers unlike quantitative restrictions that tot on the wholey sink prices and costs from the transaction. In essence, the MFA set up quotas that restricted the amount of cloth products that each country could exporting to another per year when this threshold was reached, they had to wait for another calendar year to resume exporting to those countries on a lower floor the MFA (Isenheim, 2007 p7). The MFA agreement covered specific products, not only those made from cotton, but also from wool and chemical substance fibre (Isenheim, 2007 p7).The quotas were provided or take a crapd through bilateral trade agreements and their implementation through unilateral measures in the exit of severe market disruptions or proof of an existing threat thereof (Isenheim, 2007 p7). Poor maturation countries were limit in an advantageous position by the MFA since it allowed their products to compete on a level ground with punk imports from developed countries. Developing countries like Bangladesh, which had readily available cheap labour, were as able to expand its textile patience to a stage where even after the abolishment of MFA, they were hardly affected, and it saw their revenues from the textile industry increase. This was because even after the MFA was done away with, they still had the largest pool of cheap labour compared to developed countries. This applies to all developing countries because they are characterised by the same conditions present in Bangladesh.The economic impact of MFA on developing countries was greater than its effect, in developed countries. The MFA helped developing countries attract substantial foreign investors, in the textile industry, and create millions of job opportunities, which work ed

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

musical theme - Essay ExampleThis objective of mine was construct out of Adams (2009) relation, which he built between guest gaiety and customer retention stating that There exists an interaction between the desired results and customer satisfaction, customer loyalty and customer retention. To the best of my knowledge, springers of a company should define their level of service satisfaction from the view point of customers since customers are the ultimate custodians of services and products from companies. ? How/if those Learning Objectives were accomplished My teaching objectives were achieved mainly by the field works and small scale research projects that were organised. This is because these activities brought me closer to both workers of a given government and customers of the said organisation. Through the field research, I had the opportunity to interact with both the workers and customers to critically examine from them, factors they cipher out for to determine serv ice satisfaction. ... What I learn from the failure to meet that objective is that there could aim been research that I could cause done as an individual in terms of understanding the staple fiber reasons why workers would not at all eras but the needs of customers first. If indeed I had interpreted up extra research and part time learning to understand why this phenomenon exists, I would have been in an excellent position of impacting my knowledge and gained skills to the people my group and I went to have personal interaction with during the small scale research. I have therefore learnt to take extra studies and learning outside the time of the module more seriously. ? What else I learnt that was not in my initial objective In my initial objective, I was more particular well-nigh undertaking a critique of professional practice in a chosen field rather than concentrating more on my personal strengths and weaknesses and how these could help me become an overall intimately worke r in my future employment positions. However, this module has helped in helping me identify more qualities about myself including my weaknesses, which I need to master to help me become a very good customer-centered employee in the nearby future. Currently, I have come to learn about some basic qualities that should be seen and model to work in me if I want to achieve my future employment aims. Some of these qualities include interpersonal relationship, squad work and team spirit, working under pressure, working with very little supervision and taking up challenging tasks. ? Review of my original learning objectives in the light of new experience Reviewing my original learning objective in the light of my new experiences, I can say that I have been put in a better position to realising my

Water Quality and Environmental Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Water Quality and Environmental Health - Essay ExampleWater is also zippy as a habitat for both fresh piddle and marine plants and animals (Vale, 2006).Pollution of the surface water is bingle of the global concerns. While in many less industrialized parts of the world, diseases from inadequate water hang on and water contamination are a major cause of morbidity and mortality, in United States the concerns towards this odd natural resource is quite different. There are more than 53,000 community water systems providing water to the unexclusive in the United States. Public water suppliers process 38 billion gallons of water per day for interior(prenominal) and public use. Approximately 1.8 million miles of distribution mains carry water in the United States and Canada. About 800,000 water wells are drilled each year in the United States for domestic, farming, commercial, and water testing purposes. Typically, households give birth approximately 30% of their water for outdoor us e, such as watering the lawn. Inside, toilets use the most water, with an fair of 27 gallons per person per day (AWWA, 2006).The availability of freshwater to meet the demands of a growing and increasingly full population while sustaining a healthy natural environment is based on several factors such as availability of good quality water, the high costs of developing additional surface-water supplies, the importance of bona fide supplies of high-quality water for human and environmental health and economic development and the shortcomings of institutions for allocating scarce supplies in response to changing supply and demand conditions (Frederick, 1995). The differences between developed and developing countries are many, but few have great impact on human welfare than the availability of safe drinking water and adequate sanitation.Water- colligate diseases and illnesses exact devastating impacts on mortality and morbidity prospects for economic development are also lessen by the diminished health

Ronald Reagan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ronald Reagan - Essay ExampleEdmund chuck browned has been known as the Republican Giant Killer after defeating no less than a future president in the person of Richard Nixon. The latter being a highly favored GOP member. The popularity of Nixon as a Republican frontrunner proved no moment when Brown was able to defeat him. He thusly served as California governor for two consecutive terms when he faced an opponent whom he gravely underestimated, an actor running for the first time for public office in the name of Ronald Reagan. Brown and Reagan have more things in contrast than being from two rival parties. Brown represented the towering Democrat who sees student activism as a healthy exercise of civic participation while Reagan outwardly denounces it and speaks that they should not belong in universities if all they would cause is unrest. The student protests were heavily denounced by Reagan who was heard by conservatives sharing the exact same sentiments.Taxes in the state wer e excruciatingly high and unrest was evident. Dunnell provides a commonsensible explanation, The postwar baby boomers were of age to vote, and the middle of the road voters in both parties were fed up with the bureaucrats defend their jobs with expensive programs (391). The people of California at that pivotal moment were looking for a change in administration and Reagan was able to offer exactly that. Brown had not anticipated the ability of Reagan to deliver good, if not great, speeches at times when it was what was called for. People had become disappointed with braggart(a)ism that Reagans outwardly conservative stance impress itself as a better alternative. The failure of expensive social programs has taken its toll on taxpayers and the liberal take on communism as a foreign policy created in the gubernatorial belt along a chance to reconsider existing state policies by the incumbent

Original topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Original topic - Essay ExampleHe utilisations extensive research and show ups the works of eminent psychologists like Robert Krant and Vicki Lundmark and data from Universities to prove that the internet isolates a someone gradually, breaking the psyche away from all social interactions and human bonds and capturing him in an online world, where everything whitethorn seem present still nothing is close to real. Anyone, who today depends on the internet for all forms of chat, interaction and work, may worsen the claims made by the article even after statistical backups, but when you spare some sight to it, the fact gradually surfaces that, though the internet may pick out been a boon to humankind in ways uncount adequate to(p), it carries a hidden curse with it- it cannot successfully replace human verbal communication or other forms of interactions and may be truly isolating a person from the real physical world. Stoll says that the use of internet communication retards the growth of our inter-personal communication skills. These electronic intermediaries dull our abilities to read each others gestures and facial expressions, to express our feelings, to strike up conversations with strangers, to craft stories, to tell jokes, thus the very essence of vocal and physical communication loses in the war of type-and-send emotions. I feel that most of his points are valid. Internet communication can only convey words and never the feelings attached. When compared to face-to-face interactions or telephonic communication, internet sure as shooting fails as a tool to show emotions. The only forms of emotion that we may comprehend from such digital exchange of words are when emoticons are used, but that too, is not close to the cosmos. This slowly diminishes our ability to translate true emotions of people. For example there is difference between the feelings of being satisfied, happy, really happy and on-top of the world happiness, but the only emoticon that internet communication uses is a smiley, which fails to shows the degree of emotion. I also agree that our ability to kick-start a conversation with a stranger is also reduced we may speculate that just because we are able to speak to completely unknown people over the net, I am completely sure that, it would have been impossible to do so in-person. For example, on Facebook I have been friends with a Japanese girl and an Indian girl who were completely strangers but if I were to meet them in person, I would not have that resolution to start and continue long friendly conversations. Stoll argues that lack of close social contact depresses a person and changes their personality. He presents the work of psychologists from Carnegie Mellon University to show that online activity resulted in increased loneliness. He refers to the work of another psychologist, Kimberly four-year-old where it is seen that people who are active online for increases number of hours feel odd, shy and out-o f-place when having a face-to-face interaction with others. I believe that this point is completely valid. People who are shy and have no communication skills may feel that the internet helps them communicate and reveal the true them but this is completely wrong to me because I think that the internet helps them create a virtual world in their mind and makes them adapt to it. These internet communicators commence good at making friends and interacting online, knowing that others cannot see or feel them but in reality when these same

Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Example for Free

merged Social Responsibility EssayCorporate Social Responsibility (CSR) means that a corporation should be held accountable for any of its actions that affect peck, their communities, and their environment.Actually, MTR has been implementation of CSR. Since 1993, MTR staff will use their spare time to afford to society, spontaneously organize and participate in unpaid worker activities.In 2005, MTR has also set up a volunteer program, to provide support for employees. The the MTR at railway people, railway Heart volunteers plan to participate in 86 community projects and participate in volunteer up to 1,800 people and 12,000 recipients. The target includes the elderly, low-income families, the physically disabled, mentally retarded persons and other people in need.MTR not only set up a volunteer program, but also provide free rides promotions for elderly. Moreover, MTR organized 17 work-life balance seminars and 8 value instauration seminars.In addition, MTR in 2005 to help establish the first Charter of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR Charter), served as one of its founder members. It formulates the first MTR corporate social responsibility guidelines, as well as the giving medication of sustainable development and corporate social responsibility policy Steering Committee.You whoremaster see that, MTR held accountable for Hong Kongers of its actions. The vision of MTR is that care services, linking and building community to become an internationally recognized business pioneer. And, we think MTR been efforts to implement. However, MTR can do it better.Some of peoples said that MTR held accountable for Hong Kongers of its actions is insufficiency. Although MTR is Limited Corporation, the largest shareholder still is government. Thus, MTR belong public goods, it essential be emphasized that the public welfare at first. Because of it, parts of public think that MTR should do more to maintain or improve our public welfare.The most people displea sure MTR is the fare should decrease or reduce to provide cheaper ticket for public as MTR earn much money each year. It should erupt some feedback to public. MTR owns along the real estate development projects, the total assets more than three hundred trillion dollar. MTR offer concessions to passengers, such(prenominal) as short-term fare concessions ten get one free, but this underage favors obviously not been accepted by the public. We think that MTR should think more about public and to attend to the views of the public, and make the appropriate action or respond. MTR is a large public company it should not hardly cogitate on economic salary and ought to look out the needs of public. If not, public will hike to express their dissatisfaction because MTR do not held accountable for Hong Kongers of its actions.The impact of CSR on the companys economic profit is very small, or not even. The most popular debate of CSR is that CSR will make the company lowers economic effici ency and profit as the business need to use extra picks for social purposes. But, it is not be applicable on MTR. It is because MTR not only provide transport services, it also have other business, such as investment in housing. Therefore, the profit of MTR is very large. Even though it use some resource to implement CSR, it will not affect its profit. Conversely, it will aroused public discontent if MTR have not implement its CSR as MTR is a big company and earn a lot of money from public, it should do something for public.On the other hand, it may affect its image as public think that MTR just focus on economic profit without their public welfare. Although MTR always build its image via TV, but parts of people think that it is not enough. They do not just want the promotion and they want the real action, comparable decrease the fare. People are not easy to deceive. If MTR not listen and ameliorate its actions, plan or behavior, it will increase the displeasure of public and affe ct its image. People will adopt a more radical behavior to express their dissatisfaction when it does not have any improve. And, it will affect its reputation.

Nupath Foods Inc Essay Example for Free

Nupath Foods Inc EssayJames Ornath read the in vogue(p) gross revenue figures with a great deal of satisfaction. The vice president of marketplaceing at Nupath Foods, Inc., was pleased to perk that the merchandise campaign to improve sagging sales of bravery sick food was working. Sales vividness of the product had increased 20 percent in the past quarter compared with the previous year and market share was up.The improved sales of Prowess could be credited to Denise upper-case letter, the provoker manager responsible for cat foods at Nupath. Washington had joined Nupath less than two years ago as an assistant brand manager after leaving a similar strain at a consumer products firm. She was one of the some women in marketing management at Nupath and had a promising biography with the company. Ornath was pleased with Washingtons work and tried to let her know this in the annual performance reviews. He now had an pure opportunity to reward her by offering the recently vacated position of market research coordinator. Although technically only when a lateral research was not the route to top management in most organizations, Washington thought. She had been sidelined.After a long silence, Washington managed a weak Than you Mr. Ornath. She was too bewildered to protest. She wanted to heap up her thoughts and reflect on what she had done wrong. Also, she did not know her boss well enough to be openly critical. Ornath recognized Washingtons surprise, which he naturally assumed was her positive response to hearing of this howling(prenominal) career opportunity. He, too, had been delighted several years earlier about his temporary transfer to marketing research to round out his marketing experience. this move will be good for both you and Nupath, said Ornath as he escorted Washington from his office.Washington had several tasks to complete that afternoon but was able to consider the daytimes events that evening. She was one of the top women in bra nd management at Nupath and feared that she was being sidelined because the company didnt want women in top management. Her previous employer had made it quite transfer with a modest salary increase, the marketing research coordinator affair would give Washington broader experience in some high-profile work, which would enhance her career with Nupath. Few people were aware that Ornaths own career had been boosted by working as marketing research coordinator at Nupath several years before.Denise Washington had also seen the latest sales figures on Prowess cat food and was expecting Ornaths call to meet with her that morning. Oranth began the conversation by briefly mentioning the favorable sales figures, and then explained that he wanted Washington to fill up the marketing research coordinator job. Washington was shocked by the news. She enjoyed brand management and particularly the challenge involved with controlling a product that directly touched the companys profitability. Ma rketing research coordinator was a technical support positiona backroom jobfar removed from the companys bottom-line activities.Marketing clear that women couldnt take the heat in marketing management and tended to place women in technical support position after a brief term in lower brand management jobs. Obviously, Nupath was following the same game plan. Ornaths comments that the coordinator job would be good for her was just a nice way of saying that Washington couldnt go any further in brand management at Nupath. Washington was now faced with the difficult decision of confronting Ornath and trying to change Nupaths sexist practices or submitting her resignation.Discussion Question 1. What symptom(s) exist in this case to suggest that something has gone wrong? 2. Diagnose the underlying problems that have led to these symptoms. 3. What actions should the organization take to correct these problems?

Clinical Research Industry Issues Essay Example for Free

clinical Research Industry Issues Essay returnss in the headache sector becomes troublesome when customers seem to act too superior when dealing with the companys employees (Bassett 25). Companies which b ar excellent customer service definitely excel in the market (Bassett 26). There are grass of physicians who run out of patients to treat, and still, there are a lot of patients who search for the right physicians (Rizzo Sindelar 968). Physicians enter into a competitive market within the consumer population by trying to put the best medical practices out front in the market of consumer population (Rizzo Sindelar 968).These medical practices are what make the physicians stand out among the patients (Rizzo Sindelar 968). Patients may specify to seek the work of a different physician due to relocation reasons (Rizzo Sindelar 968). Patients also may revision the physician that they are seeing due to the fact that their previous physician is not able to dust the qualit y level of services that the patients are seeking (Rizzo Sindelar 968).Wider government services are of no put on to be implemented as aid to pharmaceutical operations if the pharmaceutical industry would not lay its degree of services to public needs (Olson 304). The pharmaceutical industry needs to work hand in hand with other health care provider companies so that it would be able to improve its services to the public (Olson 304). The pharmaceutical industry needs to work more closely with physicians in order to best(p) improve its services.The pharmaceutical industries would be able to obtain advice from physicians regarding the following matters Clinical Research Industry Issues 3 1. The rampant illnesses that patients possess. 2. The common types of medications that patients are prescribed to. With this information gathered by the pharmaceutical establishments from physicians, the pharmaceutical establishments may be able to provide better services to the patients. Literat ure Review 2. Ethical And Policy Issues In Research Involving Human ParticipantsIt is of utmost importance that the welfare or well-being of the human participants be assumption consideration when conducting a research (Jones 97). It is required that every researcher declare the progress of his/her report to a research study agency as outlined in a particular researchs ethical guidelines (Jones 97). 3. Research Involving Persons With Mental Disorders That May Affect Decision- Making-Capacity Researches on the origins of mental disorders refer to neurobiological elements as their causes (Walsh, Green, Matthews Puerto 43).Sixty one percent of the participants that have been studied on these researches unanimously states that a person with a high level of mental illness inherits the illness from a mentally ill parent (Walsh, Green, Matthews Puerto 43). 4. stroke In Pharmaceutical Sponsored (Funded) Clinical Trials Clinical Research Industry Issues 4 The pharmaceutical industry may become biased when sponsoring clinical trials. They may actually tamping bar with the results of the clinical trials to make it appear that the participants are sick even when they are not, just to increase the pharmaceutical industrys sales.5. Relationship between Clinical Investigators And The Pharmaceutical Industry At times, the executives of the pharmaceutical industries bribe the clinical investigators in order to tamper with the results of the clinical trials. This is an unethical and legally violating event that takes place sometimes 6. Corporate Hand In Clinical Trials And Their Contracts With Medicine Academia The corporations usually consult the medicine academia for sources and aid in order to hasten their clinical trials at the highest level of quality.Clinical Research Industry Issues 5 References Bassett, G. (1992). Operations Management For Service Industries Competing In The Service Era. Westport Quorum Books. Rizzo, J. A. Sindelar, J. L. (2002). Optimal Regulat ion Of Multiply-Regulated Industries The Case Of Physician Services. Southern Economic Journal, 62 968. Walsh, J. , Green, R. , Matthews, J. Puerto, B. B. (2005). amicable Workers Views Of The Etiology Of Mental Disorders Results Of A National Study. Social Work , 50 43.

Energy expenditure, intake and balance Essay Example for Free

Energy expenditure, subprogram of goods and services and balance EssayFood is a source of vital force waste disease as it contains carbohydrates there important function is to store aptitude in the brawns. Carbs ar a macronutrient and come in two varied forms, simple which ar foods like chocolate and sweets these oust energy quickly, the other form is tortuous which are foods like pasta and rice they release energy slower so are better to go forward energy for a sustained peak of time. There are certain factors that affect energy intake for instance what gender you are affects how much energy you need, a males guideline daily amount is 2500 calories where as a females is just 2000 calories. Exercise is a form of energy expenditure it ingestions up the energy that has been stored in the muscles and causes the physical structure to lose fluids through sweat. There are in any case factors that affect energy expenditure such as basal metabolism this is the amount of energy expended when at rest, the higher the metabolism the more than calories you burn meaning that certain people will keep back to convert more energy than others. Climate is a nonher factor that affects expenditure this is because people in hotter climates lose more energy through sweat than people in cooler climates. (200-300 words) proletariat 2 M1Explain wherefore different nutrients keep up a differing effect on an individuals energy intake. Different nutrients have a differing effect on an individuals intake because each nutrient releases a uncomparable amount of energy and also the speed the energy is released varies for each one.For instance the macronutrient carbohydrates are the corpses main source of energy intake therefore they release the most energy, nevertheless even carbohydrates are split in to two groups when determining the speed the energy is released. The two groups are simple carbs and complex carbs, simple carbs are foods like chocolate and sweet s their energy release is very quick giving you a short sharp burst of energy but tailnot be sustained for a long period of time. On the other hand complex carbs which are found in bread, rice and potatoes release the energy slowly over a longer period of time at a more undifferentiated rate.When talking ab forbidden other nutrients that release some kind of energy there are moreover two others, these are flumptens and protein, blues are like simple carbs releasing only small amounts of energy in quick bursts but their main function for the consistency is to protect vital organs and provide insulation. Protein is a last resort for energy intake as the energy has to be taken away from the muscles this is only in rare cases where there are no carbs or fats in the em luggage compartment.(200 words)Task 3 P4 get a line the following termsBody CompositionBody Composition is used to describe the destinys of fat, bone and muscle in human bodies. Because muscular tissue takes up l ess space in our dust than fat tissue, our body composition, as well as our slant, determines leanness. Two people of equal height and body weight may look completely different from each other because they have a different body composition.Fat Free MassFat Free Mass is comprised of the components that have no fat in the human body. It push aside refer to any body tissue that does not contain fat these involve skeletal muscle, bone and water. (50 words)Lean Body MassLean body mass is the mass of the body minus the fat (lipid). Some methods of working this appear require specialised equipment such as hydrostatic weighing or DEXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry). Others are very simple such as skin callipers and bioelectrical impedance. (50 words)Task 4 P4Describe the following methods of bill pct body fat Skinfold Analysis- This is a method of standard body fat percentage by taking measurements of fat at 4 different points of the body using a set of skin callipers, they are t aking at the bicep, tricep, waist and subscapular (shoulder blade) doing this finds out your fat layer thickness. These measurements are then converted into body fat percentage using an equation a male should have approximately 15% body fat whereas a female should have 20-25% collectable to them having breasts etc. (100 words)Bioelectrical Impedance- Bioelectrical impedance measures the resistance of body tissues to the flow of a small electrical signal. The proportion of body fat freighter be calculated due to the current flowing through the parts of the body that are made up of mostly of water such as blood, urine and muscle this is not possible through bone, fat and air. By doing this it is possible to work out how much body fat the person has by combining the bioelectric impendence measurement with factors such as gender, age, height, weight, and fitness level. (100 words)Hydro densitometry- Hydro densitometry (which is also know as hydrostatic weighing) is weighing someone w hile they are in water, it is considered to be the most stainless form of measuring body fat. A very large tank of water is used for this test, first a comparison is made between the underwater weight and the dry weight of a person. referable to fat being less dense than the other tissues in the body, it floats more easily. The more fat a person has on their body, the greater the difference between the dry and wet weights. part this method of measuring is very accurate and considered the best way of measuring body fat, not many people use this method because the equipment and test is highly expensive. (100 words)Task 5 M2When comparing skin fold callipers and hydrodensitometry both have their advantages and disadvantages for measuring body composition. The apostrophize of callipers is much less than hydrodensitometry, callipers costing nigh 15-20 whereas hydrodensitometry can cost anything up to 400.The schooling needed to use the callipers correctly and accurately takes a mi nimum of 1000 tries but can be performed by anyone on the other hand hydrodensitometry needs a qualified scientist to use the equipment correctly.Again skin callipers hold the advantage over hydrodensitometry when comparing the speed of measurement. Hydrodensitometry can vary from an snatch to three hours due to travel time, changing time, time in pool and time for the results to be calculated. While callipers take only 5 to 10 minutes to get the results.Callipers are much easier to carry out in a field setting as the measurements can be taken anywhere, whereas hydrodensitometry testing has to be done in a specialist room with all the expensive equipment.The one advantage hydrodensitometry holds over skin callipers is the level of accuracy of the results. Callipers results are still very accurate but do not have the same precision of hydrodensitometry results, you also have to take in account human fracture as this could affect them and this isnt possible in hydrodensitometry as computers conclude the results. (250 words)Task 6 D1How can knowledge of an supporters energy intake and expenditure and monitoring of their body composition be used by a posture/support team to aid an individuals tuition with respect to sports performance?Knowledge of an athletes energy intake and expenditure and monitoring of their body composition can be used in many ways by a coach to aid an individuals sport performance.If a coach knows exactly what body fat percentage his athlete has he can determine whether he thinks that is a suitable level for the sport his athlete participates in. For typesetters case if a coach of a sumo wrestler sees hisathlete has low body fat percentage he can put him on a high calorie pabulum to give him a better chance of matching his opponent, on the other hand if a coach of a battle of Marathon runner sees his athlete has a higher body fat percentage that hes competitors he can put him on a specialised diet and install him do more fierce work outs.Looking at a players energy intake can also alleviate out the coach in trying to improve his athlete he can work out whether his athlete is getting enough energy in his diet and whether it has a suitable energy release time. For instance a sprinter may be eating complex carbs like bread and pasta before a race which wouldnt be suitable as they release energy slowly, the coach can see this and change it to some simple carbs like chocolate as they release energy In a quick short burst which is much more suitable for a 10 second race.Finally a coach can take into consideration whether his athlete is expending his energy suitably, for example if a football player is going on a 5 mile run before a match the coach can suggest that he reduces the distance as he is wasting energy which he should be saving. Expending too much energy in training can also lead to the risk of injury and fatigue so the coach can keep his training at a suitable level for the athlete he is training.Fruit a nd veg should take up around 33% of your diet they contain the micronutrient vitamins and minerals, the role of vitamins is to help maintain a healthy immune administration to fight off illness and infection, whereas minerals are needed for body functions such as hair proceeds and to keep bones strong.Starchy foods such as bread, rice and potatoes should also take up around 33% of your diet they contain the macronutrient carbohydrates which are required to store energy in the muscles for physical activity. take out and dairy foods such as cream and cheese should take up around 15% of your diet and contain the mineral calcium which is key for maintaining strong bones and teeth.Non-dairy sources of protein such as meats and fish should make up around 15% of your diet these are rich in protein which is needed for the growth and prepare of muscles. Red meats such as beef and lamb also provide the body with iron which helps oppose anaemia.Fats and sugars such as chocolate and sweets should only take up 8% of your diet as devour to many can lead to health problems. They do however provide the body with insulation and an understudy energy source to carbohydrates.

Psychology Notes Essay Example for Free

Psychology Notes Essay1) quaternary big ideas in psychological sciencea. Critical thinking is smart thinkingb. Behavior is a bio psychosocial occurrencec. We operate with a two-track mind (Dual processing)d. Psychology looks human carriages as well as challenges2) Why do psychology?e. The limits of intuition and common sensei. Enough to bring forth answers regarding human nature. ii. May embolden queries, but are not free of error. iii. Hindsight Bias the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon. 1. After learning the outcome of an event, many quite a little believe they could have predicted that very outcome. iv. Overconfidence thinking you know more than what you actually know. f. The scientific posev. Composed of curiosity, skepticism, and humility.vi. Curiosity passion for exploration.vii. Skepticism doubting and questioning.viii. Humility ability to accept responsibility when wrong. g. The scientific discipline of psychology helps make these examined conclusions, which leads to our understanding of how people feel, think, and act as they do. 3) How do psychologists ask and answer questions?h. The scientific methodix. Construct theories that organize, summarize and simplify observations. x. Theory an explanation that integrates principles and organizes and predicts expression or events. (Example low egoism contributes to depression). xi. Hypothesis a testable prediction, often promoted by a theory, to enable us to accept, reject or revise the theory. (Example people with low self-assertion are apt to feel more depressed). xii. Research to administer tests of self-esteem and depression. (Example people who score low on a self-esteem test and high on a depression test would confirm the hypothesis). i. Descriptionxiii. Basic purpose to observe and record behaviour. xiv. How conducted do caseful studies, surveys, or naturalistic observations. xv. Weaknesses No prevail of variables single cases may be misleading. xvi. Case Study a technique in which cardinal person is studied in depth to reveal underlying portal principles. xvii. Survey a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes, opinions or behaviors of people usually done by questioning a representative, random sample of people. xviii. Wording can change the results of a surveyxix. Random Sampling when each member of a population has an equal chance of inclusions into a sample (unbiased). 2. If the survey sample is biased, its results are not valid. xx. natural scientistic Observation observing and recording the behavior of animals in the wild and recording self-seating patterns in a multiracial school lunchroom constitute naturalistic observation. j. Correlationxxi. Basic purpose to detect of course occurring human relationships to assess how well one variable predicts another. xxii. How conducted compute statistical association, sometimes among survey responses. xxiii. Weaknesses does not fixate set out and effect. xxiv. When one trait or behavior accomp anies another. xxv. Correlation Coefficient a statistical measure of the relationship between two variables. 3. Example R = + 0.37a. R is the correlation coefficientb. + is the direction of relationship (either + or ) c. 0.37 indicates the strength of relationship xxvi.Correlation DOES NOT mean causation.4. Examplesd. Low self-esteem could ca occasion depressione. Depression could cause low self-esteemf. Distressing events or biological predisposition could cause low self-esteem and depression. xxvii. illusory Correlation the perception of a relationship where no relationship actually exists. (Example parents conceive children after adoption). xxviii. baffle in Random Events5. Given random data, we look for order and meaningful patterns. 6. Given large verse of random outcomes, a few are likely to express order. k. Experimentationxxix. Basic purpose to explore cause and effect.xxx. How conducted manipulate one or more factors use random assignment. xxxi. What is manipulated the i ndependent variable(s). xxxii. Weaknesses sometimes not feasible results may not generalize to other contexts not ethical to manipulate certain variables. xxxiii. The mother wit of psychological research7. Effects generated by manipulated factors isolate cause and effect relationships. xxxiv. Double-blind Procedure in evaluating medicine therapies, patients and experimenters assistants should remain unaware of which patients had the real treatment and which patients had the placebo treatment. xxxv. Random Assignment assigning participants to experimental and control conditions, by random assignment, minimizes pre-existing differences between the two groups. xxxvi. Independent uncertain a factor manipulated by the experimenter.8. The effect of the independent variable is the focus of the study 9. Example when examining the effects of breast-feeding upon intelligence, breast-feeding is the independent variable. xxxvii. Dependent Variable a factor that may change in response to an i ndependent variable. 10. Usually a behavior or a mental process.11. Example in the study of the effect of breast-feeding upon intelligence, intelligence is the dependent variable.4) Aristotlel. 384-322 B.C.m. Naturalist and philosophern. Theorized about psychologys conceptso. Suggested that the soul and body are not separate and that knowledge grows from experience. p. The soul is not separable from the body, and the same holds good of particular parts of the soul. -Aristotle 5) Wundtq. 1832-1920r. Studied the atoms of the minds. Experiments at Leipzig, Germany, in 1879, which is considered the birth of psychology.6) William Jamest. 1842-1910u. American philosopherv. Wrote psychology textbook in 1890w. Jamess student, Mary Calkins, became the APAs first female president xxxviii. She was not able to attain her PhD from Harvard.7) Sigmund Freudx. 1856-1939y. Austrian physicianz. Emphasized the splendour of the unconscious mind and its effects on human behavior.8) Psychology. Origina ted in many disciplines and countries. Defined as the science of mental life until the 1920s. . 1920-1960 psychology was heavily oriented towards behaviorism. . Psychology the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. 9) Pavlov, Watson and Skinner. Watson 1878-1958. Skinner 1904-1990. Emphasized the study of overt behavior as the subject national of scientific psychology instead of mind or mental thoughts.. Anything seems commonplace, once explained. -Watson 10) Maslow and Rogers. Maslow 1908-1970. Rogers 1902-1987. Emphasized current environmental influences on our growth potential and our need for love and acceptance.11) The American Psychological Association (APA). The largest organization of psychology. 160,000 members world-wide. Followed by the British Psychological Society with 34,000 members.12) Current perspectives. Neuroscience how the body and brain enables emotions xxxix. How are messages transmitted in the body? How is blood chemistry linked with moods and mot ives? . Evolutionary how the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation on ones genes. xl. How does evolution influence behavior tendencies? . Behavior genetics how much our genes and our environments influence our individual differences xli. To what end are psychological traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to depression attributable to our genes? To our environment? . Psychodynamic how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts. xlii. How can someones personality traits and disorders be explained in terms of sexual and in-your-face drives or as disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas? . Behavioral how we learn observable responses.xliii. How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter our behavior, say to fall behind weight or quit smoking? . Cognitive how we encode, process, store and retrieve information xliv. How do we use information in re membering? Reasoning? Problem solving? . Social-cultural how behavior and thinking vary crossways situations and cultures. xlv. How are we- as Africans, Asians, Australians or north Americans- alike as members of human family? As products of different environmental contexts, how do we differ? 13) Psychologys subfields. Biological explore the links between brain and mind. . developmental study-changing abilities from womb to tomb. . Cognitive study how we perceive, think, and solve problems. . Personality investigate our persistent traits.. Social explore how we gain and affect one another . clinical studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders. . Counseling helps people cope with academic, vocational, and marital challenges. . Educational studies and helps individuals in school and educational settings. . Industrial/Organizational studies and advises on behavior in the workplace. 14) Clinical vs. Psychiatry. Clinical Psychologist (Ph.D.) studies, assesses, an d treats troubled people with psychotherapy. . Psychiatrists (M.D.) medical professionals who use treatments like drugs and psychotherapy to treat psychologically diseased patients. 15) Three main levels of analysis

When Food Kills Essay Example for Free

When Food Kills EssayAn extravasation causing the death of 31 people in Europe is causing wide speculation of the cultivation industry. The outbreak, caused by E. coli, supposabley arose from bean sprouts grown in an organic farm in Ger more. All over the conception fodder-borne illnessess are hopstitalizing and blush killing people. Just in the United states 325,000 people are hospitalized and 5,ooo die all year because of the wide spread of food-borne illnessess.Farmers all over the world use antibiotics to rapidly increase the result of there livestock, causing resistant pathogenes, which can ultimately become untreatable, though they still continue and puzzle out the meat. Most people do not know that more antibiotics are givin to livestock than humans, endangering our health even more. MRSA, one of the most common antibiotic-resistant pathogenes is now widespread in hog barns, even people who mickle with them. Unlike the United States, other countries are begining to ban distributing antibiotics to livestock.In the article Kristof often gives the audience facts concerning food outbreaks. To keep the readers interested, and believe what they are reading Kristof uses statistics, such as when he stated that 70 percentage of hogs were found with MRSA in only one farm. He also plays an emotional toll on the audience,for example, when he recalled the story of skydiving instructer, Josh Nahum developed a life threatening fever, caused by a bactiera that wasnt responsive to medication. He became paralyzed after parts of his brain started to push into his spinal column.After a braces weeks of using a ventilator to breathe, he died. Learning about how serious and the amout of lives food-borne illnessess take it brings more fear to the problem, and also keeps Kristofs readers engaged in the article. In my opinion, feeding livestock antibiotics in their feed, to make their growth grade rise rapidly, is not only extremely harmful to the livestock, bu t more importantly, to humans. To have the animals develope much fast-breaking that normal is not worth thousands of people dying over it.Though the unsanitary ways two small, and larger scale restaraunts handle their food is also a big cause for food-borne illnesses. Even in our own homes many people are not being as sanitary as they submit to be. If everyone would stop and continue with their work but maintain it in a clean and sanitary way, curiously if they are working in the food industry, I believe there wouldnt be as many food-borne illnessess, especially if they are working in the food industry.

Pizza USA Term Paper Essay Example for Free

Pizza ground forces Term motif EssayAbstract This case involves Pizza USA, a sm only self-supporting chain eating place mathematical operation that offers both dine-in and carry-out go for customers that has received feedback for a potential change that will require the implementation of shape action to add services. Currently, customers take aim indicated that they argon pleased with the food offered by the restaurant alone they would accession pizza purchases if a delivery service was available. This dilemma ties into deuce separate issues. First, in order to breathe competitive deep down the industry, customer wants and preferences need to be heard. After all, if you can non please your customer base, you will bear them. Secondly, the changes required essential be done in a manner that combines data gathering and synopsis and implementation of a plan that best suites this occurrence eccentric of clientele in order to increase success. Customer service has b een a recurring theme in many disputeions regarding trade operations and charge in recent weeks. The prevailing thought is that in order for your business to grow and be successful, you must identify what your customers want and find a way to deliver it.This paper will analyze and discuss how unconscious plow chassis can be implemented to assist this business to achieve its goals. Within the process design compendium and discussion, several factors will be reviewed to include identification of what customer gladness intend to the business and how we can identify the things that are roughly valuable to customers, the potential net yield of achieving a high level of customer satisfaction and might, and the characteristic of developing an streamlined pizza delivery (from ambit to door) system.The paper will also measure out creation of trade advantages to not only maintain nevertheless(prenominal) grow the customer base. Pizza USA An Exercise in Translating Customer Requ irements into Process Design In the last five twelvemonths leading up to 2012, the Pizza Restaurants industry has experienced the results of a downturn in economy. Restaurants have been directly affected by changing market conditions much(prenominal) as changes in intense competition, decreasing consumer spending and an increase in overall health consciousness (Kalnins, A., Mayer, K. , 2004).However, despite such overwhelming odds and challenges, businesses were able to overcome economic hard times by reinventing themselves through original marketing and adjusting their menus to adapt to customers preferences (Kelso, 2012). This rendered the industry to recover effectively and consumer spending and market produce returned in 2010. As more consumers returned to the restaurants, overall demand increased. The U. S. Pizza industry averages about 410 million pizzas per year (Kelso, 2012).In 2012 alone, pizza sales are expected to reach an incredible $36. 1 billion in revenue which is a 3. 8 percent increase from the previous year (Kelso, 2012). This growth is expected to spread over at a rate of 2. 9 percent per year through 2017. Based on garner data, 97 percent of U. S. consumers have ordered food from a pizza restaurant or instauration within the past 12 months (Kelso, 2012). No matter how you look at it, pizza consumption is on the rise and creates an exceptional opportunity for success in this industry.According to Gregory Badishkanian, a CITI Analyst, the magnanimous three of the pizza industry Pizza Hut, Dominos, and Papa Johns are currently in position to increase market share. (Bloomberg, 2012). Although the big three comprise of 30% of the total pizza market, the remaining 70% comprise or soly of other large manacles with less market coverage and of transmission line the smaller independent bondage (Kelso, 2012). While the larger chains are improving lay independent chains are struggle to stay afloat amidst the fierce competition among t he larger more formal companies such as the big three (Kelso, 2012).Understanding this dilemma, it would be most prudent for any independent restaurant operator to maximize operations by insuring that internal process design enables not only efficient productivity but generates a process that is customer friendly and focused on customers need and preferences (Kalnins, A. , Mayer, K. , 2004). This would be critical in the business office to survive in such a monopolistic type market. Successful operation within a smaller independent chain restaurant faces challenges that may not be as apparent to a larger and more ceremonious national chains.Pizza USA is a small chain operation that currently rears two services dine-in and carry-out options. Customers have commented that if delivery services were added to the restaurant offerings, they would potentially buy more pizzas (Jacobs Chase, 2011). Based on this data, it is apparent that the owner needs to treasure his business oper ations and consider a process design that would include adding this service to current operations. The access of delivery services would potentially require additive capital to finance changes and may involve the hiring of surplus staff.However, revenue increases as a result of the added service would off-set the costs associated with these additions. Near and long-term implications would include survivability within such a competitive market. As a customer, the primary focus of my satisfaction with this type of business relates primarily to efficiency and the level of customer service provided. If delivery service was provided, the two areas that would be most prevalent in my mind would be the delivery time and the state of the pizza once received. out-of-the-way(prenominal) too often, Ive received delivered food that was warm and in some cases cold. Needless to say, I never contacted that restaurant again. The thing that would create a fantastic experience would be the restaur ants ability to not only deliver within an exceptional time period but also to provide a pizza that is piping hot as it would be while dining in. Another locution would be an incentive to order delivery by way of discounting or some type of rewards service. These are experiences that have not been typical in my experience with pizza deliveries. Method.The perceived situational analysis are as follows Strengths-Due to the smaller nature of the business, It could potentially create a more personal experience for the customers thus change magnitude customer satisfaction Weaknesses-As a smaller business entity, they have less resources and limited options in implementing changes to trifle customer demands. Also, the business would be less tolerant of negative encroachments that may result from changes compared to larger established chains with additional resources available Opportunities-A stronger customer relationship tends to allow more flexibility due to stronger fealty among s atisfied customers.Loyal customers are willing to wait changes out rather than making an initial s pass byping point and moving on to another business Threats-The primary threats are of course the larger and more established chains such as the big three. Again, due to resourcing issues, these smaller and independent operations have less flexibility and opportunity if changes go away less than desirable. The primary causes and effects are business survivability and customer satisfaction. Although these two areas are mentioned separately, they are in fact one.If changes are not made to meet customer needs and preferences, the business encounters losing clientele and eventual closure. The term customer loyalty has been described as a process of capturing how well an organization is performing in three critical market measures customer retention, share of wallet, and harm sensitivity relative to competitors (Jacobs Chase, 2011). Studies have shown that customer loyalty relates dire ctly to business success and survivability. There exists a major distinction between product design from the users standpoint from what may have been intended by the manufacturer (Jacobs Chase, 2011).The main difference deals primarily with the intended versus perceived usefulness of a effrontery product. In short, if the customers input is not considered, product or process design could potentially be a major waste of time on the from end of the planning rhythm method with even a worse outcome once in the market. Table-1 below indicates quick-serve satisfaction rates among the top companies in the market to include the big three (Verma, R. , Thompson, G. , 1999). As you can unwrap, each of the larger chains has high overall scores in customer satisfaction.Albeit, this is only one of many areas that could potentially be assessed. The independent chains can learn something from this data. The large chains didnt survive the market and become who they are today without success in this particular area (Verma, R. , Thompson, G. , 1999). Table-1 Although the case situation described is invariable with most other business operations, what can be done to be more profitable? it is unique in itself due the detail andlevel of changes discussed. There are probably 100 areas that could be looked at that deals with efficiency and customer satisfaction.However, for the purpose of this paper we will only analyze the above mentioned areas. If assessing profitability and customer satisfaction is an everyday occurrence, which is the case in most businesses, then this case could most certainly be considered as a preexisting situation. However, this paper has little to do with assessing a documented loss in profits or revenue streams so the evolution is unknown at best. There are many course concepts that can be applied to understand this situation.However the two most prevalent areas of operations philosophical system that comes to mind are Chapter 3-Product and Service Design and Chapter 5-Process Analysis. Quality Function Deployment (QFD) in chapter 3 discusses the process of getting the customers voice involved in design specifications (Jacobs Chase, 2011). This concept and application relates to any and all industries and organizations. It is directly related a process of studying and listening to customers to improve upon a product or service (Jacobs Chase, 2011). Measuring Process Performance in Chapter 5 primarily deals with how well a particular process is performing.This is consummate(a) by assessing many different types of metrics such as productivity, efficiency, flow time, throughput, and take to be added time to name a few (Jacobs Chase, 2011). In order to adequately analyze whether your operation is data track efficiently, a system of measurement is required to assess the performance. Results/Discussion The problem of addressing the customers needs and preferences are considerably solved. Immediately implement planning to acc ommodate your customers request for the added feature of delivery service.Consider the most efficient manner of transition to minimize disruption to current business operations while planning the change. find that additional feedback is solicited and gathered from customers to re-validate the need to add the additional service and proceed with design process reviews and analysis to achieve goals. This satisfies the earlier discussion regarding identification of what the customer really wants and prefers. The task of developing and implementing the plan is what is the most difficult. Recommend that the owner begins with data gathering methods such as GAP Analysis.This method is used to assess the business performance relative to the expectations of its customers (Jacobs Chase, 2011). An additional form of Gap Analysis includes the benchmarking of certain industry standards and measures the business performance against established standards within the industry (Jacobs Chase, 2011). Questions to be asked would be What are other smaller independent chains offering? Is delivery service a value added service or just a waste of money? What are the industry standards in regards to delivery times and what is considered acceptable to customers?Do have the resources to provide that type of service or will it require additional equipment, supplies, vehicles and staff? This will allow the owner to see where his restaurant is versus where he wants to be. Moreover, this would be an ideal tool to gather additional information from Customers to obtain additional feedback. It can be accomplished in many ways such as through paper or email mailers and in store surveys. The method selected would primarily depend on the owners available resources and preferences and of course size of targeted population.The follow-on recommendation is to conduct a cost impact and payoff analysis using a decision tree or what some would call a consequence diagram. This process allows the planner to map out several alternatives with different end results to assess risk (Jacobs Chase, 2011). In essence it is a risk matrix. When planning or considering restaurant equipment purchases or even additional staff hires, this process could be beneficial in assessing the risks involved with each decision (Jacobs Chase, 2011). Table-2 is a archetype of a typical decision tree used to make informed decisions.As you can see, it is a process of identifying the problem (or situation) and working through several COAs to determine what works best for you. Table-2 executing is the next step. I would recommend the utilization of responsibility charts to organize and manage tasks. Again, this particular tool is a type of matrix that lists all the projects and tasks to be completed while identifying certain responsible parties or stakeholders (Jacobs Chase, 2011). In such a small business environment, it would probably be most beneficial for the owner to get all staff involved with the des ign process to obtain full buy-in.this can be accomplished through the use of this tool.Of all the steps involved with planning and execution, this is probably the most labor intense due to the potential resourcing required. After plans are implemented, the owner needs to assess the customer reactions to the added service. Anticipating a given response and getting the actual response are sometimes two different things. Again, the same process used during the Gap Analysis can be used to capture post-implementation feedback from customers (Jacobs Chase, 2011).The bottom line is that as a small business, you more reliant on customer loyalty than larger chains and operations. As a result, you must pay attention to any feedback received regarding your products and services, In this case were lecture about pizzas but it applies in many other situations and industries as well. Once the feedback id obtained develop a snotty-nosed and affordable plan and implement the plan. Once you have transitioned fully into your new plan, solicit additional feedback from customers to see how things are going. You may find other areas of your business operations that require attention.Customer feedback has to be a part of your daily operations. Without it, your business is at serious risk. References Kalnins, A. , Mayer, K. , (Dec 2004), Franchising, ownership, and experience A study of pizza restaurant survival. Management Science Journal, Vol. 50 Issue 12, p1716-1728, 13p, 3 Charts. doi 10. 1287/mnsc. 1040. 0220 Kohli, A. , Gupta, M. , (Apr 2010), Improving operations strategy application program of TOC principles in a small business. Journal of course Economics Research, Vol. 8 Issue 4, p37-45, 9p Verma, R. , Thompson, G. , (1999), Managing service operations based on customer preferences.International Journal of Operations and Production Management. Vol. 19 Issue 9/10, p891-908, 18p, 6 Charts Jacobs, F. R. , Chase, R. B. (2011), Operations and supply chain management. (13th ed. ), New York, NY McGraw-Hill/Irwin Kelso, A. , (Sep 2012), Survey U. S. pizza market tops $40 billion, pizzamarketplace. com, Retrieved 1 Mar 2013 http//www. pizzamarketplace. com/article/200667/Survey-U-S-pizza-market-tops-40-billion AP News, (Sep 2012), Analyst Big pizza chains could take bigger slice, Bloomberg Business Week News, Retrieved 1 Mar 2013 http//www. businessweek. com/ap/2012-09-18/analyst-big-pizza-chains-could-take-bigger-slice.

Cable Testing Essay Example for Free

Cable Testing EssayIt is important to examine the cables before you install them and after they be installed. Although there are many tools that are used for testing the cables in a network this paper is only going to talk about three. The first unrivaled is the multifunction cable s poopner, they are available for testing both copper and fiber optic cable. One much(prenominal) model is the Hobbes 258898 it squeeze out test every pin of almost 20 often used cables from gibber to 40 pin ribbon cables. It identifies opens, shorts and mis-wires at the pin level. With a multifunction cable tester you washstand transact a range of tests that you would normally acquire a few different testers to do. You can do wire- role, test for the length of the cable, test the attenuation, and you can test NEXT (near end crosstalk) for copper cables. They will in addition test for optical power and signal loss in fiber optic cables. A lap of the multifunction cable testers perform othe r more comprehensive test such as PS-NEXT, ACRF, PS-ACRF, delay skew, file name extension skew, and return loss. The biggest advantage to them is that anyone can use one all you have to do is hook it up and press a justton. The biggest advantage is also its biggest disadvantage if you dont know the specifications of the cables you are installing. Unless you get one that is configurable so that you can set it to the specifications that you need.The second tool is the wire map tester. Wire part tools send signals through each wire in twisted pair cables and check to see if they are connected to the prepare pins on each side. They are the most basic of the cable testing tools entirely are necessary to use because the most common cause of installation errors is not connecting the wires to the pins correctly. Wire occasion tools can detect broken or unconnected wires along with shorts in the wires all of which can make a wire not work. They are almost always part of multifunction cable testers but it is not always necessary to spend more money than you need to in order to perform this simple task.The third type of tool is a lumber generator they are used to propose out which cable is which when you have multiple cables in one area not yet connected. A tone generator sends a signal done the cable you use the probe that whenit is touched to the correct wire will emit a tone that lets you know you have the right one. A tone generator will allow you to find shorts in the wires, mis-wiring and open wires. They are very snip consuming to use and it is easier and faster to use a wire mapping tool rather than a tone generator.I believe that every installation kit should include a wire mapping tool and a multifunctioning tool. The reason is simple the multifunctioning tool can test for just about everything you need to test for concerning copper and fiber optic cable installation. The wire mapping tool though can be used for when you are just installing cables fo r voice communications, or if you have multiple pot on a job they can both be using a tool at the same time.ReferencesTEST-i Multi Function Cable Tester (PC Cable Tester). (n.d.). 258898, $249.99. Retrieved February 2, 2014, from http//sewelldirect.com/TEST-i-Multi-Function-Cable-Tester-PC-Cable-Tester.asp Tone generators and probes simple yet essential tools in your kit Cabling Install. (n.d.). Tone generators and probes simple yet essential tools in your kit Cabling Install. Retrieved February 2, 2014, from http//www.cablinginstall.com/articles/print/volume-10/issue-12/products-services/product-update/tone-generators-and-probesmdash-simple-yet-essential-tools-in-your-kit.html Wiring Tools Wire Crimper Map Testers Cable Testers Tone Generator firewall proxy Network Media and Topologies Comptia N+ Study take to the woods Comptia. (n.d.). Wiring Tools Wire Crimper Map Testers Cable Testers Tone Generator firewall proxy Network Media and Topologies Comptia N+ Study Guide C omptia. Retrieved February 2, 2014, from http//computernetworkingnotes.com/network-media-and-topologies/cable-wire-tools.html

China Economy Essay Example for Free

mainland chinaware Economy EssayThe fast renegade of mainland china as a major economic power within a time span of about threesome decades is often described by analysts as one of the greatest economic success stories in raw times. From 1979 (when economic recovers began) to 2011, chinawares real glaring domestic help product (gross domestic product) grew at an average yearbook rate of nearly 10%. From 1980 to 2011, real gross domestic product grew 19-fold in real toll, real per capita GDP potpourri magnitude 14-fold, and an estimated 500 million people were raised out of extreme poverty. mainland mainland china is now the beingnesss second- largishst economy and some analysts predict it could become the extendedst within a few years. Yet, on a per capita grounding, china remains a copulationly poor country. mainland mainland Chinas economic rise has led to a substantial increase in U. S. -China economic ties. According to U. S. address data, keep low-spi rited merc sacrificeise between the devil countries surged from $5 million in 1980 to $503 billion in 2011. China is currently the United States second-largest trading partner, its third largest export market, and its largest source of imports. Many U. S. ompanies befool drawn-out operations in China in rules of order to sell their products in the booming Chinese market and to take advantage of lower-monetary value labor for export-oriented manufacturing.These operations have helped some U. S. firms to remain internationally competitive and have supplied U. S. consumers with a variety of low-cost goods. Chinas large-scale purchases of U. S. Treasury securities (which listed nearly $1. 2 trillion at the end of 2011) have enabled the federal official government to fund its budget deficits, which help keep U. S. interest rates relatively low.However, the emergence of China as a major economic superpower has raised concern among some U. S. policymakers. Some form of address tha t China uses unfair work practices ( such as an undervalued currency and subsidies given to domestic producers) to flood U. S. markets with low cost goods, and that such practices threaten American jobs, wages, and living standards. Others contend that Chinas growing use of industrial policies to promote and protect certain domestic Chinese industries firms favored by the government, and its failure to take efficacious action against widespread infringement of U.S. intellectual property rights (IPR) in China, threaten to undermine the competitiveness of U. S. IP-intensive industries.In addition, while China has become a large and growing market for U. S. exports, critics contend that numerous trade and investiture barriers limit opportunities for U. S. firms to sell in China, or force them to set up production facilities in China as the value of doing business there. Other concerns relating to Chinas economic appendage embroil its growing demand for energy and raw materials an d its emergence as the worlds largest emitter of greenhouse gasses.The Chinese government views a growing economy as vital to maintaining social st index. However, China faces a telephone number of major economic challenges which could undermine future harvesting, including distortive economic policies that have resulted in over- trust on fixed enthronization and exports for economic growth (rather than on consumer demand), government support for state-owned firms, a weak banking system, widening income gaps, growing pollution, and the relative lack of the rule of law in China. Many economists warn that such problems could undermine Chinas future economic growth.The Chinese government has acknowledged these problems and has pledged to address them by implementing policies to boost consumer spending, dilate social safety net coverage, and encourage the development of less-polluting industries. Chinas Economy earlier to Reforms Prior to 1979, China, under the leadership of Chair man Mao Zedong, maintained a centrally mean, or command, economy. A large share of the countrys economic output was directed and controlled by the state, which set production goals, controlled prices, and allocated resources passim most of the economy.During the 1950s, all of Chinas individual household farms were collectivized into large communes. To support fast industrialization, the central government undertook large-scale investments in physical and human capital during the 1960s and 1970s. As a result, by 1978 nearly three-fourths of industrial production was produced by centrally controlled, state-owned enterprises (SOEs), according to centrally planned output targets. Private enterprises and foreign-invested firms were principally barred. A central goal of the Chinese government was to make Chinas economy relatively self-sufficient.Foreign trade was generally limited to obtaining only those goods that could not be made or obtained in China. Government policies kept the C hinese economy relatively stagnant and inefficient, in general because most aspects of the economy were managed and run by the central government (and thus there were few wampum incentives for firms, workers, and farmers), competition was virtually nonexistent, foreign trade and investment flows were mainly limited to Soviet bloc countries, and price and production controls caused widespread distortions in the economy.Chinese living standards were substantially lower than those of many separate developing countries. The Chinese government in 1978 (shortly after the death of Chairman Mao in 1976) decided to spring up with its Soviet-style economic policies by gradually reforming the economy according to uninvolved market principles and opening up trade and investment with the West, in the hope that this would significantly increase economic growth and raise living standards. As Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping, the architect of Chinas economic reforms, put it Black cat, white cat, what does it motion what color the cat is as long as it catches mice? The Introduction of Economic Reforms Beginning in 1979, China launched several economic reforms. The central government initiated price and ownership incentives for farmers, which enabled them to sell a portion of their crops on the free market. In addition, the government established four special economic zones along the coast for the aspiration of attracting foreign investment, boosting exports, and importing towering applied science products into China. Additional reforms, which followed in stages, sought to decentralize economic policymaking in several sectors, especially trade.Economic control of various enterprises was given to provincial and local governments, which were generally allowed to extend and compete on free market principles, rather than under the direction and guidance of state planning. In addition, citizens were encouraged to start their own businesses. Additional coastal regions and citi es were designated as open cities and development zones, which allowed them to experiment with free market reforms and to offer tax and trade incentives to attract foreign investment.In addition, state price controls on a wide range of products were gradually eliminated. Trade liberalization was also a major separate to Chinas economic success. Removing trade barriers encouraged greater competition and attracted foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows. Chinas gradual implementation of economic reforms sought to identify which policies produced favorable economic outcomes (and which did not) so that they could be implemented in other parts of the country, a process Deng Xiaoping reportedly referred to as crossbreeding the river by touching the stones. Chinas Economic Growth Since Reforms 1979-2012 Since the introduction of economic reforms, Chinas economy has grown substantially faster than during the pre-reform breaker point (see dishearten 1). According to the Chinese governmen t, from 1953 to 1978, real one-year GDP growth was estimated at 6. 7%, although many analysts claim that Chinese economic data during this compass point are lavishlyly questionable because government officials often exaggerated production trains for a variety of semipolitical reasons. Agnus Maddison estimates Chinas average annual real GDP during this period at 4. %. Chinas economy suffered economic downturns during the leadership of Chairman Mao Zedong, including during the Great Leap Forward from 1958 to 1960 (which led to a massive famine and reportedly the deaths of tens of millions of people) and the Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1976 (which caused political chaos and greatly disrupted the economy). During the reform period (1979-2011), Chinas average annual real GDP grew by 9. 9%. This basically has meant that, on average China has been able to double the size of its economy in real terms every eight years.The global economic slowdown, which began in 2008, impacted t he Chinese economy (especially the export sector). Chinas real GDP growth fell from 14. 2% in 2007 to 9. 6% in 2008 to 9. 2% in 2009. In response, the Chinese government implemented a large economic stimulus incase and an expansive monetary policy. These measures boosted domestic investment and consumption and helped prevent a sharp economic slowdown in China. In 2010, Chinas real GDP grew by 10. 4%, and in 2011 it rose by 9. 2%. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) projects that Chinas real GDP leave grow by 7. 8% in 2012.From 2013 to 2017, the IMP projects that Chinas real GDP growth will average 8. 5%. Table 1- Chinas average annual real GDP growth. Causes of Chinas Economic Growth Economists generally attribute much of Chinas rapid economic growth to two main factors large-scale capital investment (financed by large domestic nest egg and foreign investment) and rapid productivity growth. These two factors appear to have gone together hand in hand. Economic reforms led to hi gh efficiency in the economy, which boosted output and increased resources for additional investment in the economy. China has historically maintained a high rate of nest egg.When reforms were initiated in 1979, domestic savings as a percentage of GDP stood at 32%. However, most Chinese savings during this period were generated by the profits of SOEs, which were used by the central government for domestic investment. Economic reforms, which included the decentralization of economic production, led to substantial growth in Chinese household savings as wellspring as corporate savings. As a result, Chinas gross savings as a percentage of GDP has steadily risen, reaching 53. 9% in 2010 (compared to a U. S. rate of 9. 3%), and is among the highest savings rates in the world.The large level of savings has enabled China to boost domestic investment. In fact, its gross domestic savings levels far exceed its domestic investment levels, meaning that China is a large net global lender. Sever al economists have concluded that productivity gains (i. e. , increases in efficiency) have been another major factor in Chinas rapid economic growth. The improvements to productivity were caused largely by a reallocation of resources to to a greater extent productive uses, especially in sectors that were formerly heavily controlled by the central government, such as agriculture, trade, and services.For example, agricultural reforms boosted production, freeing workers to pursue employment in the much productive manufacturing sector. Chinas decentralization of the economy led to the rise of non-state enterprises (such as private firms), which tended to pursue more productive activities than the centrally controlled SOEs and were more market-oriented, and hence, more efficient. Additionally, a greater share of the economy (mainly the export sector) was exposed to competitive forces. topical anaesthetic and provincial governments were allowed to establish and operate various enterpris es on market principles, without interference from the central government. In addition, FDI in China brought with it new technology and processes that boosted efficiency. As testifyd in Figure 2, China has achieved high rates of total factor productivity (TFP) growth relative to the United States. TFP represents an estimate of the part of economic output growth not accounted for by the growth in inputs (such as labor and capital), and is often attributed to the effects of technological change and efficiency gains.China experiences faster TFP growth than most developed countries such as the United States because of its ability to access and utilize existing foreign technology and know-how. High TFP growth rates have been a major factor behind Chinas rapid economic growth rate. However, as Chinas technological development begins to approach that of major developed countries, its level of productivity gains, and thus, real GDP growth, could slow significantly from its historic 10% ave rage, unless China becomes a major center for new technology and innovation and/or implements new comprehensive economic reforms.As indicated in Figure 3, the EIU currently projects that Chinas real GDP growth will slow considerably in the years ahead, averaging 7. 0% from 2012 to 2020, and falling to 3. 7% from 2021 to 2030. The Chinese government has indicated its desire to move away from its current economic fashion model of fast growth at any cost to more smart economic growth, which seeks to reduce reliance on energy-intensive and high-polluting industries and rely more on high technology, green energy, and services. China also has indicated it wants to obtain more balanced economic growth. Measuring the Size of Chinas EconomyThe rapid growth of the Chinese economy has led many analysts to speculate if and when China will overtake the United States as the worlds largest economic power. The actual size of Chinas economy has been a subject of extensive debate among economists. Measured in U. S. dollars using nominal exchange rates, Chinas GDP in 2011 was $7. 2 trillion, less than half the size of the U. S. economy. The per capita GDP (a common measurement of a countrys living standards) of China was $5,460, which was 12% the size of Japans level and 11% that of the United States (see Table 2).Many economists contend that using nominal exchange rates to convert Chinese data (or that of other countries) into U. S. dollars fails to reflect the true size of Chinas economy and living standards relative to the United States. token(a) exchange rates simply reflect the prices of foreign currencies vis-a-vis the U. S. dollar and such measurements exclude differences in the prices for goods and services across countries. To illustrate, one U. S. dollar exchanged for local currency in China would corrupt more goods and services there than it would in the United States.This is because prices for goods and services in China are generally lower than they are in the U nited States. Conversely, prices for goods and services in Japan are generally higher than they are in the United States (and China). Thus, one dollar exchanged for local Japanese currency would acquire fewer goods and services there than it would in the United States. Economists attempt to develop estimates of exchange rates found on their actual purchasing power relative to the dollar in order to make more accurate comparisons of economic data across countries, usually referred to as a purchasing power space-reflection symmetry (PPP) basis.The PPP exchange rate increases the (estimated) measurement of Chinas economy and its per capita GDP. According to the Economist experience Unit, (EIU), which utilizes World Bank data, prices for goods and services in China are 41. 5% the level they are in the United States. Adjusting for this price differential raises the value of Chinas 2011 GDP from $7. 2 trillion (nominal dollars) to $11. 4 trillion (on a PPP basis). This would indicate that Chinas economy is 76. 0% the size of the U. S. economy. Chinas share of global GDP on a PPP basis rose from 3. 7% in 1990 to 14. % in 2011 (the U. S. share of global GDP peaked at 24. 3% in 1999 and declined to 18. 9% in 2011) see Figure 4. Many economic analysts predict that on a PPP basis China will soon overtake the United States as the worlds largest economy. EIU, for example, projects this will glide by by 2016, and that by 2030, Chinas economy could be 30% larger than that of the United States.This would not be the first time in history that China was the worlds largest economy (see textbook box). The PPP measurement also raises Chinas 2011 per capita GDP (from $5,460) to $8,650, which was 17. 9% of the U. S. evel. The EIU projects this level will rise to 34. 3% by 2030. Thus, although China will likely become the worlds largest economy in a few years on a PPP basis, it will likely take many years for its living standards to approach U. S. levels. Foreign Direct Investm ent (FDI) in China Chinas trade and investment reforms and incentives led to a surge in FDI beginning in the early 1990s. such flows have been a major source of Chinas productivity gains and rapid economic and trade growth.There were reportedly 445,244 foreign-invested enterprises (FIEs) registered in China in 2010, employing 55. million workers or 15. 9% of the urban workforce. As indicated in Figure 5, FIEs account for a significant share of Chinas industrial output. That level rose from 2. 3% in 1990 to a high of 35. 9% in 2003, but fell to 27. 1% by 2010. In addition, FIEs are responsible for a significant level of Chinas foreign trade. In 2011, FIEs in China accounted for 52. 4% of Chinas exports and 49. 6% of its imports, although this level was down from its peak in 2006 when FIEs share of Chinese exports and imports was 58. 2% and 59. 7%, respectively, as indicated in Figure 6.FIEs in China dominate Chinas high technology exports. From 2002 to 2010, the share of Chinas high tech exports by FIEs rose from 79% to 82%. During the same period, the share of Chinas high tech exports by wholly owned foreign firms (which excludes foreign joint ventures with Chinese firms) rose from 55% to 67%. According to the Chinese government, annual FDI inflows into China grew from $2 billion in 1985 to $108 billion in 2008. Due to the effects of the global economic slowdown, FDI flows to China fell by 12. 2% to $90 billion in 2009.They totaled $106 billion in 2010 and $116 billion in 2011 (see Figure 7). Chinese data for January-October 2012 indicate that FDI fell by 3. 5% on a year-on-year basis FDI into China will likely total around $112. 1 billion for the full year. Hong Kong was reported as the largest source of FDI flows to China in 2011 (63. 9% of total), followed by Taiwan, Japan, Singapore, and the United States. The cumulative level (or stock) of FDI in China at the end of 2011 is estimated at $1. 2 trillion, making it one of the worlds largest destinations of FDI.According to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, China was the worlds second-largest destination for FDI flows in 2011, after the United States (see Figure 8). The largest sources of cumulative FDI in China for 1979-2011 were Hong Kong (43. 5% of total), the British Virgin Islands, Japan, the United States, and Taiwan (see Table 3). According to Chinese data, annual U. S. FDI flows to China peaked at $5. 4 billion in 2002 (10. 2% of total FDI in China). In 2011, they were $3. 0 billion or 2. 6% of total FDI (see Figure 9). From January to October 2012, U. S. FDI in China rose by 3. 8% (year-on-year).