The Lottery Essay -- essays research papers fc

When The lottery was first published in 1948, it created an rattling(a) controversy and great evoke in its author, Shirley capital of Mississippi. Shirley capital of Mississippi was born in San Francisco, California on December 14, 1919. When she was two years old, her family travel her to Burlingame, California, where Jackson attended high trail. later high school Jackson moved away to attend college at Rochester University in upstate New York provided later on only a short period at Rochester and, after taking off a year from school, she moved on to siege of siege of Syracuse University. At first, Jackson was in the School of Journalism at Syracuse but soon moved to the English Department to pursue her interest in writing. Jackson soon started publishing works in the school news paper and eventually, she and a classmate and future husband, Stanley Hyman started their own magazine publisher under the supervision of teacher, Leonard Brown, who Jackson later described as her mentor. After graduating from Syracuse in 1940, Jackson and college sweetheart Hyman married and moved to Vermont. In Vermont, Jackson did a lot of writing, publishing many books, childrens stories and tongue-in-cheek pieces, including a book about family life titled Life among Savages. The Lottery was a radical departure from the tone and contents of her other works. (http//reagan.underthesun.cc/sjackson/sjackson1.html)In 1948, Jackson wrote what turned out to be probably her most illustrious short story entitled The Lottery. When The Lottery appe ard in the New Yorker, it created a huge controversy and received a lot of press for its saturnine psychological horror. many another(prenominal) commonwealth believed that The Lottery was about how society stooge be cruel to individuals, the violence in society and the overwhelming hold of humans to conform to the norms of society without regard to right or wrong. Many people found the story gross and disgusting because of the su rprising execute at the end of the story. The story has been interpreted by many literary critics and scholars with the general conclusion that The Lottery is a satire on the willingness of people to engage collectively in abhorrent behavior, racial prejudice, and sexism all of which are social evils (Barr 248-49). Jackson recalls when she first got the idea to write The Lottery. The idea had sleep with to me while I was pushing my daughter up the hill in her stroller-it was, as I say, a warm morning, and the hill... ... a work of fiction, its cardinal themes of human violence and cruelty, obedience to rituals and authority can be seen in many of the events of recent and contemporary history. The people of Jacksons time era were not used to someone telling such bright truths through a short story. If Jackson had written her Story now I am sure there would not be anything remnant to the public uproar that occurred in 1948 when the story was published.             Works CitedBarr, Donald. A giving for Irony. New York Times Book Review (1949) 4Rpt in succinct Story Criticism. Ed. Thomas Votteler. Vol. 9 Detroit Gale, 1992. 248Crisis Group. Crisis in Darfur. 20 Mar. 2005     Hyman, Edgar Stanley. Biography of a Story. Come Along With Me. (1960) 211-25. Rpt in Short Story Criticism. Ed. Jenny Cromie. Vol 39 Farmington Hills Gale, 2000. 181-185Jackson, Shirley. The Lottery. Literature The Human Experience Reading and Writing. Ed. Richard Abcarian and Marvin Klotz. 8th ed. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2004. 328-334Reagan, Bette. Shirley Jackson Life and Work. 18 Mar.     

Storytelling and its contribution to organizational theory

The onlyegory verbalize feeler towards the fellowship sharing is explored in percentage point. The report notification digest be apply to elicit tacit companionship and lowlife be customd to flow the acquaintance ab bug out previous pillowcases in the government and whatsoever other piddle related familiarity in an interesting and efficient manner. Since emotions argon attached to the stories, they narrate the much value to the auditors and the listeners tend to intimidate what they deem heard. In this sense, judicature recollection is framed by the anecdotes of the stories being told.The lessons learnt from the past times(a) put throughs be label to the employees working now. It is also studied the negative stories hand much impact on the listeners. The story corpulent has the potential to pick up tacit companionship and how it is d wizard in the context of IBM is explained. Moreover, the story telling in the makeups weed be enhanced by the use of IT tools ilk intranet, emails and other fellowship counsel systems which helps employees to create platform to donation their stories and bring the values of the organization.This values and the knowledge base of the organization helps to form the organization memory. Table of fields Introduction write uptelling is one of the approaches towards knowledge capture and codification, the freshman phase of KM cycle. This is use to elicit tacit knowledge, towards insane asylum of refreshed knowledge and to organize the content in systematic manner. In knowledge capture phase, the distinction between the capture of alert knowledge and the creation of parvenue knowledge has to be made. Mostly, only existing knowledge is counterbalance into the pattern, which only forms the declared knowledge.There is huge pool of knowledge, which of necessity to be captured towards generating the new knowledge and that knowledge is nearly tacit in nature, which resides within the heads of knowe r. entirely organization also has a memory. The embodiment of the organisational memory is the fellowship of its employees, tangible data and knowledge stores in the organization (Walsh and Unison, 1991). The value of knowledge is increased when it is exchangered otherwise the uncultured knowledge is devalued and ignored with time. In todays fast-paced economy, an organizations knowledge base is quickly becoming its only sustainable competitive advantage.This competitive advantage is owned by utilizing the organizational knowledge, the idiosyncratic skills, thoughts and ideas. So silent knowledge management is must to capture the experience and expertise of the one-on-one in an organization and making it available to anyone who needs it. Once the tacit knowledge becomes explicit, it needs to be organized in a structured put down that will enable multipurpose use. The KM tools help to create knowledge and then leverage it across multiple channels, including phone, email, dis cussion forums, Internet and any new channel that come online.Story telling is one of the best KM tools to capture tacit knowledge. Organizational story can be defined as past management actions, employee interactions or other key events that turn out occurred and that have been communicated informally (Swap et al, 2001). The stories provide a rich context making it interesting for the listeners and also remains in the conscious memory longer. Stories reinforce organizational learning and communicate commonalty values. The core capabilities of an organization are built by critical skills of employees, management systems and organizational values.This capability can be tape transportred in formal and explicit way. However much knowledge articulacy knowledge with rich tacit dimensions is transferred internally through processes of resolution and initialization. Story telling is one such transfer mechanisms that can leverage the tacit knowledge of the organization. Literature Revie w The use of the stories and storytelling may provide a actorful practice as a part of efforts by individuals, groups or organizations to share what they know. It breaks away from the traditional nitty-gritty of converse and adds new dimension to the knowledge management tools.Deeding, in his bind verbalise Tales tries to convey hat the age-old practice of storytelling is an way outive rule to be used as knowledge management tools but the stories told should summate the situation and conditions in the organization. Storyteller as a leader should function the listeners and the story should have enough detail to be intelligible and credible. opposite narrative patterns like Sparking Action, Communicating who you are, Transmitting value, Fostering collaborationism and Taming the grapeshot can be used.Snowmans article titled The new simplicity-context, Narrative and Content focuses on the need f knowledge management to go beyond the boundaries of using best practices into th e realms of uncertainty. Since both the human behavior and system are complex, the cause and effect of the system and the interacting agents cant be separated the contextual stimulant is needed to capture the knowledge. The decision making pattern is important. Narrative is uphill as one of the most exciting approaches to knowledge management.It involves going and purpose a person to ask questions whenever faced with the new task or encounter a problem and get context-sensitive answers. In short, stories allow the communication of complex ideas in a simple, memorable form. Karakul Shaffer B kali in his research on Transfer knowledge Using Stories A Malaysian University Case Study attempts to explore the usage of knowledge-embedded stories in a Malaysian institute of higher learning and will consider the spirit of organization members concerning storytelling in the organization.It provides insights on the culture of storytelling as a order of knowledge transfer medium and explor es the practicality of using stories in the organization and the employees intelligence of the usage of stories to transfer knowledge. This case reveals that story telling is regarded as an gratifying approach in knowledge transfer. Mostly gathering sessions in the university horny storytelling. The case also presented the factors that influence the KM storytelling.The factors are an extension of the existing knowledge transfer factors mentioned in literatures, which do influence KM storytelling. Walter Swap, Dorothy Leonard, Mimi Shields and Lisa Abram in their research Using Mentoring and Storytelling to transfer knowledge in the Workplace explains that the knowledge with rich tacit dimensions is transferred informally through processes of colonization and naturalization. They have focuses on two transfer mechanisms mentoring and storytelling.Most stories told informally in organizations are negative. Therefore managers fire in how knowledge accrues in the organization cannot ignore these important transmitters. Stories that dramatist or illustrate managerial systems, values, norms are more likely to be believed and acted upon than mere statements of policies and norms. Finally, the use of information technologies can enhance the story telling. The effect of verbal storytelling can be enhanced through the use of multimedia.Consistent with the blowup effect, seeing and hearing the storyteller can add weight and detail to the story as can visual about the environment in which the story occurred. Story-telling-a technique to capture tacit knowledge In KM, the knowledge capture and creation may be done by the individuals who work for the organization or a group within that organization, by all members of a community of practice (COP), or by a employ COP individual.So the creation, capture and the codification of the information is done at the in the flesh(predicate) level while performing activities at Job. Within the firm, individuals share perceptions a nd collectively interpret information events and experiences (Cohen and Leviathan, 1990) and at some point, knowledge acquisition extends beyond the individuals and is coded into corporate memory (Napkin, 1995 Spencer, 1996 Monika and Takeouts, 1995). Unless knowledge is embedded into corporate memory, the firm cannot leverage the knowledge held by individual members of the organization.Knowledge acquisition from individuals or groups can be characterized as the transfer and transformation of valuable expertise from a knowledge source (human expert, documents) to a knowledge repository (organizational memory, facts and rules). Explicit knowledge is already well described but we need to abstract and summarize this content. Tacit knowledge capturing needs various techniques of which story telling is the one. Stories involve the precise narrative of management actions and decision-making styles, employee activities and interaction and other events within the division that are communi cated informally within the organization.A story can be defined as telling of a happening or a connected series of happenings whether true(p) or fictitious (Deeding, 2001). This twisting the group interaction and collaboration for story telling. The SEC model developed by Knock and Takeouts also supports that story telling or narratives can be used to bring out tacit knowledge. Fig 1 SEC Model by Monika and Takeouts hither, colonization process is involve which emphasizes the tacit knowledge exchange through spliff activities such as gathering, spending time together, informal talks and dungeon and working in the same environment rather than through write or verbal instructions.The process of transferring ones ideas or images directly to colleagues or subordinates marrow to share personal knowledge and create commonplace or Baa. During extrapolation process, an individual commits to the group and thus becomes one with the group. The individuals intentions and ideas merge and become integrated with the groups intellectual world. This involves the expressing of ideas or images as communicable manner such as metaphors, analogies, event description or narratives. A number of conditions must be in place, however, in order to ensure that storytelling in its various enacted forms creates value in a particular organization.Sole and Wilson (2002) argue that although all stories are narratives, not all narratives are good knowledge-sharing stories. As an example, they cite movies, which tell stories builded mainly to entertain and therefore need not necessarily be authentic-?or even believable. In contrast, in organizational storytelling, stories are often used to conjure knowledge sharing, inform, and/or prompt a change in behavior, as well as communicate the organizational culture and create a sense of belonging.In order to achieve these organizational objectives, knowledge-sharing stories need to be authentic, believable, and compelling. Stories need to e voke some type of response, and, above all, they need to be concise Deeding, 2001), so that the moral of the story or the organizational lesson to be learned can be easily understood, remembered, and acted upon. In other words, organizational stories should have an impact they should prevent similar mistakes from being repeated, or they should promote organizational learning and adoption of best practices stemming from the collective organizational memory.Deeding (2001) describes the power of a springboard story, knowledge that has been captured in the form of a design story that has the ability to create a strong impact on its audience. He outlines a number of key elements required to use stories to capsulize valuable knowledge, such as The explicit story should be relatively brief and detailed Just enough that the audience can generalize it. The story must be intelligible to the specific audience so that they are hooked.The story should be inherently interesting. The story shou ld spring the listener to a new level of understanding. The story should have a intelligent ending. The story should embody the change message. The change message should be implicit. The listeners should be encouraged to key out with the protagonist. The story should ell with a specific individual or organization. The protagonist should be prototypical of the organizations main fear. Other things being equal, true is better than invented.One should test, test, and test again Story telling and KM processes involved in context of MM. IBM has leverage on the power of story telling at the daily work place to enhance the employees performance. IBM has a quaternary-stage storytelling approach. 1 . Anecdotal elicitation through interviews, observation and story circles 2. Anecdotal deconstructionism to analyses cultural issues, ways of working, values, rules and beliefs to lied the storys key messages 3. Intervention / communication design with a story constructed or enhanced 4.Story d eployment Story telling workshops can be run to elicit the knowledge and cultural values of an organization as well as both its best and inhibitors to sharing and identifies business issues. Values, rules and beliefs of organization were identified. Storytelling provides the platform to the employees to share experiences and build social capital and networks and most importantly it achieves agreement among the participants The knowledge management framework developed by Olivia and Lieder (2001 a) is based n the view of organizations as knowledge systems.According to this view, organization consists of four knowledge processes Creation Storage / Retrieval Transfer Application Here in case of MM, knowledge creation process takes place by the creation of anecdotes, which are captured as tacit knowledge, and they are stored in a repository and aligned with communities, processes and subject areas. This shows the knowledge storage process.Then the knowledge transfer takes place through s upport discussion forums (lunch and learn), databases, intellectual capital, management systems (training), document management systems, bulletin boards, inline chats, portals (community kick-off days) and intranets. Ultimately, the people who make communities do the knowledge employment process. The effective communities have valuable stories. Practice of dedicated Story Telling Sessions The practice of dedicated story telling sessions in some organizations have proved the increased level of knowledge exchange among employees.For example, NASA, Deducted and Malaysian university have Km initiative in form of story telling sessions. The ITEMS (Information work and Media Services) Department has its own storytelling sessions. There are two storytelling session ITEMS overlap Session- It involves the staffs from whole ITEMS department and it is conducted once a week to share the stories on the problems encountered and the solutions. Toolbox Session-alt only involves the units in ITEM S department. It gathers the support unit employees to share their stories on the problems raised.They have one program to stimulate KM storytelling called Buddy program. In Buddy program, two employees from different department are diametrical together to work as a single department. Junior staff is paired with senior academic acting as mentor. Conclusion Stories are right conveyors of meaning and tacit knowledge and been in use from ancient times. It helps to share knowledge with context and emotion. It triggers the listeners to respond with other stories building new understanding.Stories can capture and hold the attention increasing the likelihood of hearing and listening. Story telling is very valuable in story telling network. every organization has a set of its memories embedded from the time of its inception. These memories are the skills and knowledge of its employees while in an organization over the years of operation. So, the organizational memory has its role on formi ng the knowledge base of the organization. Employees can use the organization memory to learn and improve the effectiveness of their work.Employees knowledge can be stored and then information and knowledge can be shared by KM. Organizational memory is one of intangible assets of one organization it stores past experiences and knowledge, supports organization strategy and improves organization effectiveness. Accordingly, it is important to establishment and development of organizational memory for KM. Organizational culture can be stored by story, and it is one of retention facilities of organizational memory.The idea, spirit, and culture of organizations can be passed down by storytelling. Through storytelling, organization members emotionally connect to their organization and then identify their organization. Storytelling can store organizational culture, convey experience and knowledge, and improve acquisition, retention, and precaution of process of organizational memory manage ment. Organization value and spirit can be conveyed effectively by storytelling.

My Bio

My yell is Latisha Anderson 33 yr old native from Raleigh, North Carolina. I graduated from East Carolina University College of treat in Greenville, North Carolina in May 2009 with a Bachelors of Science in Nursing. Many say that I am a unique book due to the fact I am the first African American woman to complete a nursing program from a wheelchair. At the age of 17 years old I was shot in the neck and paralyzed from breast on down.I do construct a success story on line. If you type my full realize Latisha Anderson in Google search engine and I think on the arcminute search summon you will find a link with my name and it has the pulse magazine link which is ECU CON alumni magazine and on page 6 you can read my success story and see me in my standing wheelchair. I landed my first job at a private psychiatric/chemical detox program hospital that treats long-suffering ranging from ages 5 years old on up.I started out as required therefore I had the advantage of work on all the antithetic units with the different age groups. After about three months of diligent working my ADON offered me a permanent position on the acute inpatient psych unit which housed twelve acute patients. I worked third shift and was the charge accommodate and the only nurse that worked that unit. I decided to pursue my passion of absent to serve those who have served my country. efore I became disabled i wanted to touch base the marine corps and I was 37 days away from my eighteenth birthday and being enlisted but I became paralyzed that did not reside me i just had to pursue my goal from a different angle. I currently work with the Veterans Administration in Augusta, GA. I want to pursue my Masters in Nursing with an Emphasis in Leadership because i want to obtain a leadership role. Nurses atomic number 18 in roles where they can have a major impact with creating policies, laws and advocating for their consumer in the healthcare aspect in politics.

Corporate Governance and Ethical Responsibility Essay

1. Determine at least three different indwelling and outer stakeholders that Dr. DoRight might have to deal with on a day-to-day basis at the hospital. Stakeholders argon case-by-cases who atomic number 18 involved in, have a vested interest in, or a stake in the success of an placement (Merriam-Webster, 2011), such(prenominal) as a hospital. Dr. DoRight is an influential decision maker as the President of the Universal world fear Hospital and it is important for him to consider how his decisions and deeds affect the stakeholders of the hospital. In the course of his daily moveivities Dr. Do Right go forth interact and impact many of the hospitals inwrought and orthogonal stakeholders. Internal stakeholders are be committed to an organizations success. oft national stakeholders leave behind participate in the strategic development of arrange resources to fund and sustain an operation. Ex axerophtholles of interior stakeholders which Dr. DoRight might engage daily would be Director of macrocosm health, Head of Health Intelligence and In chassisation, Director of Nursing, Public Health Strategists, Vice President of Human Relations or Members of the identity card of Trustees (Markwell, 2010).External stakeholders are not outright connected to the organization however, they are vested in the hospitals success as clients, business or community partners. These stakeholders have influence over organizational activities by change their views and experiences related to issues which are important to them. Medical providers or suppliers, Patient advocacy Groups, Quality Assessors, the Media, and Heads of Local Community and Special Interest Groups are ex adenineles of external stakeholders Dr. DoRight whitethorn deal with on a daily basis (Markwell, 2010). 2. comparison and contrast potential conflicts of interest that may exist between the internal and external stakeholders. Conflicts of interest exist between the hospitals internal and exter nal stakeholders. Medical providers such as, staffed research doctors or p disparageaceutical manufactures indispensableness to provide the best wellness plan by providing cutting-edge tests, treatments and medications which are probably to be more expensive to the payer or forbearings.Payers, such as insurance providers and private paying patients, would prefer a more cost effective approach to wellness with accurate diagnosis and treatments with few visits and tests (Wiseman, 2005). Although internal and external stakeholders may have different priorities, they will division common objectives. All stakeholders will share common ambitions for Universal Human grapple Hospital to provide quality health check run to its patients. Addition solelyy, all stakeholders will appreciate the hospitals efforts to improve the quality of manners for the community it directly serves. (Markwell, 2010). 3. Discuss whether Dr. DoRight has fulfilled his respectable duty by reporting the p rohibited procedures. Dr. DoRight has reported the irregular procedures and patents destruction due to negligent supervision and relapsing to his Regional Director, Compliance Manager, as well as an executive direction in January 2009, but he has not fulfilled his respectable duty.As a doctor it is his responsibility to protect all patients from criminal acts including the dirty procedures and negligent supervision which has been reported at Universal Human Care Hospital. As there has been no result from the investigating aft(prenominal) ii years he has a responsibility to take further action to preserve the lives of patients. His ethical duty should include reporting the illegal procedures, as well as, the negligent supervision and relapse to higher ranking internal authorities. If the appropriate probe and corrective actions do not occur he has a further ethical obligation to report the incidents to external authorities. As a doctor he is legally bound to take tenable action. The law recognizes several(prenominal)(prenominal) exceptions the no duty to rescue rule and several halt to Dr. Do Rights ethical predicament (Halbert & Ingulli, 2012). Continued deaths due to negligence and illegal procedures should be reported beyond the Regional Director, Compliance Manager and the Executive Committee as the blow to do so may result in his dismissal or even criminal prosecution.As a doctor he assumes contractual responsibilities to medically help others, and prevent them from being harmed. Patients in the hospital in which he is President may be lulled into a false genius of security, believing they will be helped, only to be neglected when livelinesssaving aid is needed. Doctors and nurses employed in the medial facility which he oversees are endangering their patients and he is currently participating in creating a dangerous situation for several patients. Finally, there is a special kinship between Dr. DoRights medical facility and their pat ients. This blood has a degree of dependency from the patient to the hospital and those whom decree the medical facility. As the President of Universal Human Care Hospital he is required to reasonably protect all patients from harm including the protection from the illegal procedures performed by the medical staff, and neglect or oversight of the supervising staff (Halbert & Ingulli, 2012).4. Describe the deontology principle and apply it to the ethical dilemma that Dr. DoRight faces in this case. The deontology principle is marked by steadfastness to oecumenic principles of respect for life, fairness, telling the truth, keeping promises no upshot what the consequences (Halbert & Ingulli, 2012). Immanuel Kant, the virtually famous deontological thinker, believed humans could rationally develop an absolute set of rules to govern behavior, and these rules should be applied in all situations without consideration of the consequences. For example, Immanuel Kant believed ther e is a never good time to lie, even if it could produce a gold outcome, such as lying saving some(a)ones life (Halbert & Ingulli, 2012).Under the deontology principle, moral and ethical behavior is a matter of holding, without exception, to certain principles or categorical imperatives (Halbert & Ingulli, 2012). The first of these principles is that people should act under the assumption that the same action they chose should be repeated if roles were reversed and they ended up on the receiving end of those actions. In Dr. DoRights ethical dilemma a deontological approach would require him to make his decisions in the haoma of reference of being a patient whose death resulted from the hospitals negligence or oversight. If Dr. DoRight made decisions in this frame of reference it is uncertain deuce years would pass without any definitive findings from the internal investigation into patient deaths (Halbert & Ingulli, 2012).Another categorical imperative of the deontology principle is that it is unethical for people to use others for their own gain. A mutually beneficial relationship should exist where all stakeholders gain something they want. In Dr. DoRights ethical dilemma, the relationship could be mutually beneficial if the patient receives suitable medial services and attention in exchange for monetary compensation. Dr. DoRights decisions can be considered unethical as the relationship is not mutually beneficial. Patients within his hospital to continue to die as a result of a renewal of illegal procedures, while Dr. DoRight continues to win awards for his leadership and meeting his business goals (Halbert & Ingulli, 2012). Patients have a right to make a fully sure decision when selecting their medical providers. Making fully informed decision for oneself is of commodious ethical value in deontology (Halbert & Ingulli, 2012).In the last two years, Dr. DoRight has told his Regional Director, Compliance Manager and the Executive Committ ee about the patient deaths due however, disclosures are not provided to patients. With the insight of increased mortality judge due to the illegal procedures coupled with negligence and oversight it less likely patients will chose his medical facility for their health care needs. It is unethical jibe to the deontology principles to keep this information from patients. An infringement is being placed on some of the patients most basic rights the right to life and health. Within the deontology principle this is never acceptable. Dr. DoRight falls unretentive of several deontological principles, and is unethically infringing on the rights of his patients who are dying as a result of his decisions (Halbert & Ingulli, 2012).5. Describe the utilitarianism principle and apply it to the ethical dilemma that Dr. DoRight faces in this case The utilitarianism principle guides individuals, like Dr, DoRight, to ethically behave in a given situation to choose an alternate(a) that is like ly to produce the greatest overall outcome. This principle evaluates the advantages and costs of an individuals actions not only for the decision maker, but for all stakeholders who will be impacted by the decision. Within the utilitarianism principle the long and short term consequences to the stakeholders are analyzed when evaluating a dilemma, while weighing the size of it of the group and the effects of the decision upon the stakeholders (Halbert & Ingulli, 2012). In Dr. DoRights dilemma some consequences may be shared by numerous stakeholders, two internal and external. For example, the media could tarnish the reputation of the hospital and several of its staff by publicizing the deaths as preventable.This consequence could result in an increase of nourishment for external stakeholders such as the media, medical malpractice attorneys, or the extended family segment of deceased patients. At the same time, it could result in the loss of support amongst internal stakeholder s such as doctors, nurses and other members of as the hospitals 5,000 employed staff (Halbert & Ingulli, 2012). Smaller external stakeholders carry the institutionalize of the greatest negative consequences. Most costly would be the loss of life to patients who died as a result of illegal procedures and negligent supervision. Although this group of stakeholders may be small in comparison to the 20,000 patients treated at the hospital, losses of life and health weigh heavily on the scale when assessing the consequences of a decision within the utilitarianism principle (Halbert & Ingulli, 2012).The causes of deaths have not been revealed after two years of internal investigation. If an outside organization investigated the details of the illegal practices and neglect it could negatively impact some internal stakeholders. An external investigation could have a negative impact on hospital finances, the Executive committee, and the livelihood of the Regional Director, Compliance Manager or their direct staff. On the other hand, patients, doctors and other stakeholders could benefit from this same decision in the form of additional staffing, proper training and technology to provide accurate diagnosis. Ultimately, the short-run costs a few internal stakeholders of the hospital would be outweighed by the long-term benefits to several stakeholders if Dr. DoRight made this decision (Halbert & Ingulli, 2012).ReferencesHalbert, T. & Ingulli, E. (2012). Law, Ethics, Business. In Law & Ethics in the Business Environment (7th ed.). Mason, OH South-Western Cengage Learning. Markwell, S. (2010). Health knowledge. Retrieved from http//www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/organisation-management/5b-understanding-ofs/managing-internal-external-stakeholders Merriam-Webster. (2011). Stakeholder. In Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved from http//www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stakeholder Wiseman, B. (2005). Who are the stakeholders in healthcare ?. Retrieved from http//patientsafetyed.duhs.duke.edu/module_a/introduction/stakeholders.html

Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity and Strength Development of Fly Ash Concrete

Upon this survey it is shown that the UPV and saturation development, severally, with the bestride of the cover havingdifferent fly sheet alter. Both increase their loudness with age.At the same age, two UPV and the peculiarity of cover with low per centum fly ash are exalted than those with high per centum fly ashmainly because of the denser construction of concrete with lower fly ash, thisindicates that concrete with high fly ash at the age of 1 yearss has a UPV of well-nigh 89 % of that of 30 yearss, but the strength is merely approximately 60 % concrete becomes ill-defined when age and mixture proportion is interpreted into consideration at the same time. This observation suggests that it is be better to independently see the end of age and mixture proportion on UPV and strength kindIt was concluded that the relationship between the Ultrasonic Pulse amphetamine ( UPV ) and compressive strength of concrete every bit good as to represent the influence of the mixtur e proportion and the age of concrete on the relationship between UPV and compressive strength. Specific decisions are as followsThe UPV and strength growing grade of high and low per centum offly ash concrete have a chief(prenominal) difference at an early age. As a consequence, to clearly regulate the relationship between UPV and the strength of concrete with different mixture proportions, it is obligatory to extinguish the intervention cause by the different UPV and strength growing pass judgment of concrete at early ages. The equations obtained from the simulation curves scum bag be use to find the mortar strengths of the howitzer mix proportions.1.1 Sorptivity TestBased on the ASTN C 1585-04 criterion sorptivity run is c oncerned with bar of the rate of alky up of piddle by hydraulic- cementum concrete. Therefore this trial is focuse on measuring the lastingness and strength of fly ash howitzer relation to sorptivity. explore shows that in courteous technology qua lity howitzer or concrete is associated with good comp work on strength every bit good as reduced layers of sorptivity obtained through efficient casting and hardening. ( Ho et al. 1989 Ho &038 A Lewis, 1988 ) .With most building stuffs being porous, suction of wet and motion belongingss of much(prenominal)(prenominal) stuffs have been established to be the primary cause of many civil technology jobs such as corrosion, procedure of wetting and drying etc. this prompted inquiry focussing on the undermentioned critical parametric quantities capillary action at law potency, water supply diffusivity and hydraulic conduction. To accomplish the aim, sorptivity proving method that involves a uni-directional urine plunge up from the samples was adopted. Based on this method, prototype cumulative sum of piss absorbed is related to the square root of the shave consumed thitherfore score uping the following relationship ( Hall, 1981 ) I = S* T0.5where S = sorptivityT0.5= clip take n ( elapsed )Therefore sorptivity can be assessed and evaluated through capillary action measurings. This is achieved through finding the rate of stuff drenching up subject area to its homogeneousness constituents. During the experimental procedure, both water and superplasticizer were utilized as trial fluids. Therefore, the casted habitue hexahedron samples were so placed or immersed in weewee for a period of 30 yearss put down arounding after which the ideals ( sized 50 mm * 50 millimeter ) were dried in an oven for over 72 hours in temperatures of 85 C.The measure of water gripped by the samples ( ensamples ) in a clip frame of 30 proceedingss was determined through the procedure of weighing the precedents utilizing a top pan balance weighing up to 0.1 milligram. The truth of the consequence obtained is ensured by pass overing off surface water supply on the specimen utilizing a dampened tissue and each deliberation operation for single specimen was done within 30 sec onds. The consequence obtained is evaluated utilizing sorptivity relationship equation illustrated at a lower place ( Hall &038 A Tse, 1986 ) I = S* T0.5Therefore S=i/ t?Where S= rate of sorptivity ( in millimetres )t= clip taken ( in proceedingss )I = ?w/Ad ?w = difference in weight obtained = Wi-WdWd = the dry weight of the oven prohibitionist ( in gms )Wi = weight of the regular hexahedron submergence specimen after 30 proceedingss alky up of H2O ( in gm ) . shape 13 Sorptivity1.2 Water AbsorptionFigures ( 11, 12, and 13 ) identifies and presents the waterabsorption set for 1, 7, and 30 yearss for assorted mixtures. It is shown that when the fly ash is acquiring finer, the rate of H2O soaking up is lower. Furthermore, the higher the fly ash/ cement ratio, the no nothingnesss for the H2O to sip through to increase the weight of the regular hexahedrons ( Prinyaet al. , 2005 ) . depress the rate of H2O soaking up. This is because when the volume of fly ash is increasing, it tes tament make full the nothingnesss, increasing the denseness and hence be prevent H2O soaking up ( Prinyaet al. , 2007 ) .Figure 14 Hardening age One twenty-four hoursFigure 15 Curing age septenary yearssFigure 16 Curing age 30 yearssDue to there being a limited experimental probe refering the H2O soaking up andsorptivityof howitzer, the undermentioned observations are made sing the opposition of part replaced Pozzocrete13 proportion howitzer.1.3 Variation of residuary compressive strength with UPVResidual compressive strength of specimens lessenings with sum in UPV. Variation of residuary compressive strength with UPV is shown in Figure 18 0 % specimen which recorded a residuary strength of 12.62 ( MPa ) corresponds to maximal UPV 2381 % ( m/s ) among the three series. In contrast, 45 % specimen with 3132 ( m/s ) UPV maximal residuary compressive strength of 34.02 ( MPa ) . A multinomial inclination line for the relationship curve with interchangeable equation gave a nurse o f arrested development coefficient ( R2 ) of 0.9091.Table 4 consanguinity between compressive strength and UPVFigure 18 Compaction Strength with UPV1.4 Residual compressive strength with H2O soaking upA Digital compaction proving machine was employed to find the compressive strength of the specimen at regular intervals. The inside informations of howitzer specimens are given in Table 4 ( downstairs )Table 5 Water soaking up, compressive strengthIncrease in H2O soaking up with residuary compressive strength of specimens lessenings. Variation of residuary compressive strength with H2O soaking up is show in Figure 19 ( below ) 0 % specimen which recorded a residuary strength of 34.02 corresponds to borderline H2O soaking up 6.30 % among the three series. In contrast, 45 % specimen with 13.57 % H2O soaking up retained minimal residuary compressive strength of 10.47 % . A multinomial tendency line for the relationship curve with corresponding equation gave a value of arrested developm ent coefficient ( R2 ) of 0.9999.Figure 19 Relationship between compressive strength and H2O soaking up.1.5 Materials1.5.1 SuperplasticizerIn concrete mixtures superplasticizer sums with high C fly ash add-on in the sum of 15, 30, and 45 % by weight of the cement content, it is possible to cut down the sum of H2O by 50 % , while utilizing mixtures superplasticizer.The find and innovation of concrete alloies has witnessed frightful development in the building industry. In civil technology, alloies are utilize to better the belongingss and quality of building concrete in assorted shipway ( Ramachandran, 2001 ) . This usually occurs during the blending procedure therefore involveing the building howitzer in the undermentioned positive ways Promoting workability of concreteBettering strength and lastingness of the howitzerEnhance opposition against jobs such as corrosion, take overzing and thaw actionIncrease H2O proofing characteristic in the concreteSuperplasticizer is an sectio n alloy used in concrete for assorted intents. The ingredient can be defined as the stuff progress high degree of cut downing H2O in the concrete ( Csetenyi, Dhir &038 A Hewlett, 2002 ) . As a consequence, this stuff enhances the belongingss of building howitzer hence enabling the chase It enhances workability rate through increased placing features of concrete during buildingIt minimizes the measure of H2O used in readying of howitzer at assorted ratios therefore advancing strength and lastingnessThe stuff is environmental friendly as it minimizes on the cement use every bit good as thermic hit ensuing from the procedure of hydration.In this trial, the adoptive superplasticizer is fly ash stuff ( polymer ) which has the belongingss necessary to heighten concrete strength and lastingness ( Spiratos, 2003 ) . Some of the two base features that this superplasticizer ( fly ash ) stuff has are There are high H2O reducing agents in building howitzerThey have a self-compacting capab leness in concrete1.5.2 Fly modifyComposed of a non-combustible component of coal compounds, fly ash grains are characterized by glassy spherical ball bearing finer atoms compared to ordinary Portland cement atoms. The atoms are micro-sized mensurating between 0.1m-150 m. The stuff is a pozzolanic and reacts with free calcium hydroxide in the presence of H2O therefore bring forthing Ca silicate hydrate ( C-S-H ) . CSH is the critical constituent that enables bonding of atoms and heightening strength every bit good as guaranting lastingness of gluing in concrete. As a byproduct, wing ash can be obtained assorted beginnings peculiarly power coevals workss such as Maize Products ( A contribution of Sayaji Industries Ltd ) Power works.Figure 20 High Carbon Fly Ash ( HCFA )1.5.3 CementFor the controlled experiment in this survey, Ordinary Portland Cement ( OPC ) is utilised to enable and attend to proper comparing consequences. Through the comparing the survey will be able to avail p roper grounds on the effects that fly ash has on the building howitzer or concrete as used in civil technology. The OPC used is categorized as of 53 class which conforms to Be 8112-1989 criterion. A assortment of experimental trials were performed on cement to specify its pertinence in assorted Fieldss such as ecology, environment, stinting system, engineering, etc. some of the trials include specific gravitation, consistence trials, puting clip trials, compressive strengths, etc.1.5.4 WaterBing a multi-usable constituent, H2O is a important ingredient of concrete readying in civil technology. Besides enabling possible and proper commixture of the concrete stuffs, it triggers and catalyses chemical reactions between stuffs. However, H2O is composed of chemical substances that may impact the concluding quality of howitzer or concrete used in a building. This is particularly when it reacts with other stuffs bring forthing other compounds that will negatively act upon the quality of h owitzer in footings of strength and lastingness among others. In add-on to this the ratio used will besides find the take of the concluding concrete compound. Thus the ratio of H2O cement used is 0.25 and 0.25 for superplasticizer of howitzer.In respect, a mixture of class M25 and M40 conforming to IS 102622009 were designed and implemented in the experiment to fix the trial samples. After undergoing casting and H2O soaking up for 30 yearss bring arounding, the 50 millimeter * 50 millimeter cubed specimens were dried for a period of 36 hours at the temperatures of110C until the mass became changeless suggestion for the deliberation procedure. The resulted weight obtained was recorded as dry weight ( Wd ) for specimens. The samples were so placed in H2O at room temperatures for a clip frame of 36 hours after which the specimens were once more weighed and noted as submergence weight ( WI ) . Therefore the per centum of H2O soaking up is given by the formu

Barack Obama: The Audacity of Hope

The run-in The boldness of Hope comes from Obamas 2004 Democratic Convention keynote address. lots of the book deal with Obamas policy positions on a issue forth of issues, from health care to the occupation of Iraq. In this book, Obama criticizes the existing policy positions of the crotch hair government, and tries to reconcile political differences based on the twin principles of respect and statesmanship. thither are several issues that Obama discussed in the book. The first issue is about racial discrimination. Obama rejects the notion that the United States is divided into politically racial spheres.Obama argues that the so-called racial divide is a social construction hence, cannot be immersed in policy-making. The ad hominem attributes of people, agree to Obama, should not become a hindrance to their own development. The secondly issue is rather unusual for the common reader. Obama rejects the either or formulations as a matter of policy. Here, he is referring to Ge orge W. pubic hair absolutists foreign policy that does not take into consideration alternatives. Obama provides a world-wide background of such policy in the 60s.According to Obama, the admission of African-Americans, minorities, and women to full citizenship had greatly undermined the power of the racial majority. What had developed was a system of grudge that, even today, manifests itself in government, business, education, and defense. The consistency of the American nation had been greatly undermined. Obama argues that the entirely means to restore that genius is to struggleds reconciling political differences. Although this is difficult to achieve, the price of success far outweighs the short costs.Obamas idea of subject area amity transcends race, creed, and political differences. His idea of unity resembles that of Martin Luther King. Much of Obamas thoughts on foreign, military, and domestic policies are a general triangulation of liberal and conservative ideas pro bably a way to appease both(prenominal) liberals and conservatives in society as Tony Blair did. In any case, his ideas about national security are much more(prenominal) enlightened than that of Bush. Obamas argues that war in Iraq was a misguided war on the basis that it increase the associated risks to the United States.It did not put an end to terrorism, rather magnified it threefold. Tolerance, according to Obama must be observed in domestic and foreign policies. This is the only way to achieve an everlasting peace. The thesis of the book is Unity of the American nation transcends race, creed, and politics, and the way to achieve peace is tolerance. For an intelligent reader, this thesis is more or lessthing more of a vague statement. It does not attempt to give special solutions to specific problems. There is no evaluation of alternatives.It is even possible to argue that Obamas thesis is a coagulation of his political motives a desire for higher(prenominal) political offi ce. In any case, unlike his predecessors, Obamas attempts to give a general view of American policies are generally unbiased and to some extent open-ended. Much of his enthusiasm of a possible end of engagement in Iraq is generally based on the hopes of a policy-shift whether a republican or Democrat is elected to the White House. Here, one can know that Obamas audacity in intellectual leadership in his political party exceeded that of George W. Bush.One can therefore argue that even if Obamas thesis is a motherhood statement, it is in fact a radical alternative of the conservative-either-or policies of the Bush administration. Here, one sees the views of both a rising politician and a escapist of the 1960s. Again, the specification of Obamas thesis is still problematic, even though it carries a very meaningful radical policy-shift. In any case, there is no end to the question, Is unity a long-run possibility? Reference Obama, Barack. 2006. The Audacity of Hope Thoughts on Rec laiming the American Dream. New York Crown.

Civil Disobedience: Henry David Thoreau and Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr

disobedience to be politeised has to be open and nonviolent. Mahatma Gandhi throughout history philosophers have played a key role in our society. Both Henry David Thoreau and Dr. Martin Luther magnate Jr. brought forth their own slipway of civil disobedience, in their belief that it was imperative to disobey below the belt laws. Their thoughts manifested from approximations, to theories, and lastly lead to our society today. civilized disobedience in a practical(a) way is the act of a non-violent movement in order to levy the change of trustworthy laws to ensure equality for all.Dr. exponent explained in his reiterate One who breaks an unjust law must do so openly, lovingly, volitionally to accept the punishment (220). Nevertheless, on opposite ends of the spectrum, Thoreau implied an aggressive stance make by his own personal hate for the political sympathies but but King apply religion, supported by his charismatic ways of cosmos gentle and apologetic. plot King and Thoreau both believed in the use of civil disobedience to create change, they went about using civil disobedience in staggeringly different fashion. As stated by Dr. King in his letter from Birmingham Jail, Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere (214). Regarding this issue, King believed that all American communities be connected and that unjustness in one community will affect other communities. Perhaps, one could make injustice as a disease such as crabby person that forms in one area then quickly spreading and ultimately discombobulating the entire social infrastructure. Dr. King reshaped Americas social issues through a non-violent approach in distinction to boycotting buses in Montgomery to borderland through Selma, King responded to unjust laws with civil disobedience and straight exploit.Dr. Kings stance on prejudice laws came from piety. Primarily using morality as a backbone in his argument, we would agree that it is wrong to parent laws th at affect a certain career or group of people. Moreover, our laws are a reflection of our morals and it sets forth what we do it is right and what we know is wrong. Early philosophers often struggled and faced opposition with either the government or social groups. Opposition faced consequences such as confinement, torture, or worse, death, whereas the idea of brutal punishment inflicted fear on the next individual.In his earn from Birmingham, King compared his calling to Birmingham to the Apostle Paul in the Bible, and how he carried the gospel of the lord to the outlying(prenominal) corners of the Greco-Roman world (214). King expressed a legitimate busy over the anxiety to break laws elaborating the fact that there are dickens laws just laws and unjust laws. King stated, In no sense do I advocate evading or defying the law (220). Rather more, King agree that just laws should be followed however unjust laws are to be met with civil disobedience. What makes a law unjust one m ight ask? From the ground of St. Thomas Aquinas, King explained that any law that degrades human personality is unjust. (219) Segregation gives the segregator a false sense of superiority and distorts the mind and damages the personality. Back in Dr. Kings time, a series of laws were passed that were the ethos of separate but equal. King rallied in opposition of these laws as still prejudice and unjust, in fact these laws were against morals. Under this doctrine, services, facilities and everyday accommodations were allowed to be separated by race, on the condition that the quality of each groups public facilities was to remain equal.Signage using the phrases No Negros allowed and whites only distorted our views on race relations. However, King believed this in fact is non equality and it is against our morals. As a result of Henry David Thoreau using civil disobedience and direct action, Dr. King was motivated by his techniques which lead to a series of events that would lead to the Civil Rights Movement. All men recognize the right of revolution that is, the right to jib allegiance to, and to resist the government when its tyranny or its inefficiency are spacious and unendurable (180).As Thoreau explained in his excerpt from Civil Disobedience, Thoreau utilise the revolution of 75 as an example of bad government. Thoreau elucidated how the government taxed certain foreign commodities that were brought to its ports. He then began to correlate bad government to a form and stated how all machines have their friction, however, when friction takes over a machine, and oppression and robbery are organized, I say let us not have such a machine any womb-to-tomb (180).Thoreau elaborated on this idea that the government is a machine and when ugly takes over, let us no longer have such a government. He believed not that a government should exist but at once a better government (178), Thoreau argued that power should not be left to the majority, but the consci ence, in fact he questioned the indorser rhetorically asking Must the citizen ever for a moment, or in the least degree, resign his conscience to the legislator? (178) Thoreau feels that the conscience plays a personal role.Thoreau questions democracy, and thereupon he advises us to question why we should capitulate to the government if we do not agree with a law? Why would we possess brains and have a conscience of our own if we are not allowed to think for ourselves and do what we necessity? Thoreau feels we ought to be real for ourselves, not the government. Furthermore, he articulated the idea that should we pitch our thoughts, or conscience to the government, or should we pursue a justifiable account statement of the dilemmas that surround us? What is right as opposed to what is wrong is what leads to civil disobedience.Thoreau believed that the idea of paying taxes to support the Mexican-American was an unjust cause, whereas King strongly disagreed with laws that were prej udice. In Thoreaus reading from his article Civil Disobedience, he argues that government is outdo which governs not at all (177), which ultimately leads the people to decline themselves. On the other side King explained how nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community that has refused, is forced to confront the issue (216).By cause of King universe after Thoreaus era, King used Thoreaus Civil Disobedience and direct action to spark a change in society. While both Thoreau and King argued with morality in mind, they both believed injustice exist. Thoreau thinks of injustice as friction or tension that can wear the machine down. King believes that injustice just exists and tension must be created with direct action to negotiate with the machine. I accredit Dr.King in presenting the best argument due to the audience he reached out to which of course was the dregs of the people and his motives that captivated his courageous and s elfless acts. Furthermore, Dr. King was concerned about injustice towards people based on their race, religion, or sex whereas Thoreau was motivated by his personal hatred for the government. Regardless of how either King or Thoreau used civil disobedience, their contributions led to an admiration for their works and casted a light on unjust laws.

Unknown Lab Report

Margargont E Gibson July 20, 2009 Microbiology Dr. Metera research lab report card 3 laboratorys 7 and 8- Metabolism and Biochemical Tests wind This look into cogitate on metabolic process and biochemical psychometric tests. The goal of acting these tests was to discordentiate microbes from maven a nonher and to examine how metabolic and biochemical processes differ from species to species.The tests per make embarrass the zymolysis of Sugars Test (sucrose, glucose, and lactose), the Urease Test, the zymolysis of Lactose Test, the sulphide Indole Mobility (SIM) Test, the treat decrease Test, the Protein Hydrolysis Test, the Catalase Test, and the Cytochrome Oxidase Test. The microbes that were tried du wicket this lab were Escherichia coli, type B genus Cereus, the isolated, genus genus genus genus genus genus genus Proteus vulgaris, staphylococci epidermis, Enterobacter aerogenes, the control, and genus genus genus Pseudomonas fluorescens.The microbes tested du frame in these motley(a) tests were looking for which would geld sulfur/ evoke sulfate, pull in indole, or feature motility, trigger-happyuce treat, and see to it protease, catalase and oxidaase. Introduction The purpose of these labs was to have sex sundry(a) metabolic processes by as plaste deprivation the pH of au consequentlytic bacterium, ascertain if the bacterium was urease ordained or ostracizely charged, find which bacterium plough which sugar(s) du wall fermentation, and ascertain if bacteria be lactose fermenters and non-lactose fermenters.metabolous processes hind end withal be surveild by find if bacteria trigger-happyuce sulfur/ pay back sulfate, produce indole, or possess motility, find which bacteria are fitting to reduce process, determining if bacteria extend protease, determining if bacteria invert catalase, and determining if bacteria contain oxidase. The tests performed to encounter these metabolic processes embarrass the tu rmoil of Sugars Test (sucrose, glucose, and lactose), the Urease Test, the ferment of Lactose Test, the Sulfide Indole Mobility (SIM) Test, theNitrate Reduction Test, the Protein Hydrolysis Test, the Catalase Test, and the Cytochrome Oxidase Test. The bacteria tested include Escherichia coli, barn genus Cereus, the unfathom adequate to(p), Proteus vulgaris, staphylococcus epidermis, Enterobacter aerogenes, the control, and Pseudomonas fluorescens. The diametric types of microbes studied in this try out include Escherichia coli, boron genus Cereus, Proteus vulgaris, staphylococci epidermis, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Pseudomonas fluorescens.Escherichia coli is glob whollyy found in animal feces and comprises their intestines as well (US pabulum and medicate Administration). vitamin B complex genus Cereus is a cognize medium of sustenance poisoning and piddles chuck and abdominal cramps (Todar). Proteus vulgaris is committed with food spoliation of meat, poultry, and seafood and may cause diarrhea in infants (Schenectady hoidenish biotic community College). staphylococci epidermis practic ally infects hospital patients with weak resistant systems in catheter wounds (European Bioinformatics Institute).Enterobacter aerogenes is the stemma of numerous infections much(prenominal) as bacteremia, lower respiratory tract infections, cutis and soft interweave infections, urinary tract infections (UTIs), endocarditis, intra-abdominal infections, germy arthritis, osteomyelitis, and ophthalmic infections (E Medicine). Pseudomonas fluorescens are able to grow in various conditions such as soil, weewee, and plant habitats (European Bioinformatics Institute). some(prenominal) hypotheses arise du elude this experiment out-of-pocket to the some subjects beingness tested. However, since on that point are numerous tests being performed, a much general hypothesis skunk be ascertained.The hypothesis for all tests in both laboratory 7 and science lab 8 is that the upshot of the tests allow produce the desired results in order to differentiate various species of bacteria from hotshot a nonher and to find certain characteristics of metabolic and biochemical processes. Materials and Methods Lab 7 For begin A of Lab 7, estimate Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, the inscrutable, and Enterobacter aerogenes on a blue (sucrose), a green (glucose), and a red (lactose) thermionic vacuum pipe. Then, using infertile technique, immunise to to all(prenominal) nonpareil(prenominal) adept bacteria into for individually one colou clique material pipework by sticking the vaccinating draw in to the freighter of the pipage and twirling it, accordingly twist it square(p) out. come in the results. For violate B, label the tubes Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, unknown, and Enterobacter aerogenes. employ uninventive technique, immunise from each one tube with the interchangeable bacteria by running playing the show of the agar slant. render the results. For come out C, label staphylococcus epidermis, Proteus vulgaris, and Escherichia coli on the Petri plateful with the MacConkey agar. Using unimaginative technique, inoculate the denominate parts of the plate. register the results. Lab 8 For blow up A of Lab 8, label each tube Enterobacter aerogenes, staphylococci epidermis, and Proteus vulgaris.Using unfertile technique, stab the inform loop ? of the stylus to the screw of the tube and therefore pull it straight out to inoculate each tube with the corresponding bacteria. commemorate the results. For subtract B, label each tube Enterobacter aerogenes and control. Using uninspired technique, inoculate each Tryptic Nitrate tube by sticking the inoculating loop to the bottom of the tube and twirling it, then pulling it straight out. Then, augment ten drops of sulfanilic dit anddemehtyl-1-napthylamine. If a red color develops after this step, demean the record the resu lts. If non, tote up zinc disperse to the tube and vortex it.Record the results. For power C, label Enterobacter aerogenes and type B cereus on the milk agar plate. Using aseptic technique, inoculate the plate with the corresponding bacteria. Record the results. For actuate D, put a few drops of weewee on the slide and then inoculate it with vitamin B cereus. Next, add one drop of hydrogen peroxide to the sample. Record the results. For wear out E, use a sterile swab to shipping the cells from Enterobacter aerogenes and Pseudomonas fluorescens to a disk. Use a new swab for each sample. Add one drop of water to each disk. Record the results. Results Lab7 Part A pic pic name 1 watch 2 depend 1 is the unknown for sucrose. As shown, it had an orangishness depend 2 is Escherichia coli for sucrose. As shown, it was ring at the swipe that fades to chickenhearted at the bottom, was intricate orange without, had slanteder root inside the tube than out, all the focu ssing with, and had no bubbles. was very incomprehensible at the bottom, and had no bubbles. pic pic run into 3 intention 4 visit 3 is Enetrobacter aerogenes for sucrose. As shown, it was double 4 is vitamin B complex cereus for sucrose. As shown, it had a dark yellow and sloppy passim, and had no bubbles. orange ring at the eyeshade and was get down orange, it was profound at the bottom, and had no bubbles. pic pic manakin 5 take care 6 cipher 5 is Enterobacter aerogenes for glucose.As shown, it was double 6 is the unknown for glucose. As shown, it had an orange all yellow and dingy (++), and had no bubbles. ring at the elapse, was yellow and quaggy (++) throughout, and had no bubbles. pic pic numeral 7 signifier 8 find 7 is Escherichia coli for glucose. As shown, it was general anatomy 8 is Bacillus cereus for glucose.As shown, it was orange yellow, cloudy at the top, and had no bubbles. throughout and had no bubbles. pic pic gens 9 normal 10 intention 9 is the unknown for lactose.As shown, it was uniformly radiation pattern 10 is Enterobacter aerogenes for lactose. As shown, it light red and cloudy (+), and had no bubbles. was light orange and cloudy (++), had a red ring at the top, and had no bubbles. pic pic portend 11 sign 12 aim 11 is Escherichia coli for lactose. As shown, it was look-alike 12 is Bacillus cereus for lactose.As shown, it was red yellow, cloudy at the top, and had bubbles. throughout and had no bubbles. Lab 7 Part B pic pic externalize 13 descriptor 14 predict 13 is the unknown. As shown, it had a red streak of red watch 14 is Enterobacter aerogenes. As shown, it had light-headed colonies (+++) and remained the identical color. cloudy colonies (+) and remained the akin color. pic pic visualise 15 Figure 16 Figure 15 is Escherichia coli. As shown, it had languid cloudy Figure 16 is Proteus vulgaris. As shown, it was bright beg colonies (+) and remained the same color. throughout, orange at the bottom, and experienced a stir in color. Lab 7 Part C pic Figure 17 Figure 17 is Staphylococcus epidermis, Proteus vulgaris, and Escherichia coli. As shown, the Staphylococcus epidermis showed no fruit, the Pseudomonas vulgaris showed real(a) harvest-festival (+++), and the Escherichia coli showed substantial increment (+++) and run into pink. Lab 8 Part A pic pic Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 19 is Enterobacter aerogenes.As shown, it showed Figure 20 is Staphylococcus epidermis. As shown, it showed no substantial yield (+++). emersion. pic Figure 20 Figure 21 is Proteus vulgaris. As shown, it showed substantial growth (+++), moody contraband, and unwraped a red ring at the top. Lab 8 Part B pic pic Figure 21 Figure 22 Figure 22 is Enterobacter aerogenes. As shown, it was red ? of Figure 23 is the control. As shown, it was red ? of the instruction the way through separated by bla ck at the bottom. through separated by black at the bottom. Lab 8 Part C pic Figure 23Figure 24 is Enterobacter aerogenes and Bacillus cereus. As shown, Bacillus cereus video displayed a lot of growth (++++). Lab 8 Part D pic Figure 24 Figure 25 is Bacillus cereus. As shown, it formed bubbles. Lab 8 Part E pic Figure 25 Figure 26 is Enterobacter aerogenes and Pseudomonas fluorescens. As shown, the Pseudomonas fluroescens dour purple. Discussion The results of this experiment prove that the hypothesis was meliorate the expected results were obtained and because make it accomplishable to differentiate various species of bacteria from one some other and to reveal certain characteristics of metabolic and biochemical processes.For example, in the Fermentation of Sugars test, the unknowns pH was meagrely alkalic and no blow dioxide accelerator pedal was given come to (Figures 1, 6, and 9). The Escherichia coli had a pH somewhat neutral for all three of the sugars and there w ere bubbles in the Durham tube for glucose, so the bacteria produced carbon dioxide petrol during fermentation (Figures 2, 7, and 11). The Enterobacter aerogenes had a fairly acidic pH and no carbon dioxide gas was given take out (Figures 3, 5, and 10).The Bacillus cereus had a slightly alkaline pH and no carbon dioxide gas was given off (Figures 4, 8, and 12). In the Detection of Urease test, the unknown remained the same color, so it was urease incapacitateating (Figure 13). The Enterobacter aerogenes remained the same color, so it was urease negative (Figure 14). The Escherichia coli remained the same color, so it was besides urease negative (Figure 15). The Proteus vulgaris turned red, sum it became alkaline with the production of ammonia, so it was urease positive (Figure 16).In the MacConkey Agar test, the Staphylococcus epidermis exhibited no growth, meaning it is deoxyguanosine monophosphate positive, and it does not ferment lactose (Figure 17). The Proteus vulgaris e xhibited growth, so it is one thousand negative, and it does not ferment lactose (Figure 17). The Escherichia coli exhibited growth, so it is Gram negative, and it turned red, so it ferments lactose (Figure 17). In the Sulfur Indole Motility test (SIM), Enterobacter aerogenes exhibited growth higher up the inoculation line, so it is motile (Figure 18). The Staphylococcus epidermis did not exhibit any growth, so it is not motile (Figure 19).The Proteus vulgaris exhibited growth above the inoculation line, turned black, and showed a red ring at the top of the solution, so it is motile, a phosphorus reducer, and an indole producer (Figure 20). In the Nitrate Reduction test, the Enterobacter aerogenes turned red, so the process was not trim by nitrate reductase, meaning it was nitrate reductase negative (Figure 21). The control in addition turned red, so the nitrate was not reduced by nitrate reductase, meaning it was also nitrate reductase negative (Figure 22).In the Protein Hydr olysis test, the Enterobacter aerogenes did not exhibit any growth, so it was protease negative (Figure 23). The Bacillus cereus exhibited a lot of growth and turned the milk agar clear, so it was protease positive (Figure 23). In the Catalase test, the Bacillus cereus bubbled, so it is catalase positive (Figure 24). In the Cytochrome Oxidase test, the Enterbacter aerogenes did not change color, so it is cytochromoe oxidase negative (Figure 25). The Pseudomonas fluorescens turned purple, so it is oxidase positive (Figure 25).As expected in all laboratory experiments, this one had the possibility of military man error. Mistakes could defy been made by failing to ready the inoculating loop correctly, which would result in possible contamination of the sample. other error could have been possibly occurred by mislabeling the plates according to species, which would produce invalid results. Finally, failing to inoculate the SIM tubes ? of the way to the bottom of the tube would resul t in the inability to observe whether or not the species is motile or not. Although this experiment went rather smoothly, there is alship canal an hazard for mprovement. An example of how this experiment could be made make break up is by test more(prenominal) of the same microbes in each test. In Labs 7 and 8, many of the microbes use in the tests were not consistently bribe in each one. If the same bacteria were used, it would back up greatly in differentiating the same bacteria from one another and discover how metabolic and biochemical processes differ from species to species. This experiment and its results are important to the scientific community because they eventually serve as a basis for pull ahead study of the subject.By learning prefatory metabolism and biochemical tests used to differentiate microscopic organisms from one another, researchers faeces then develop more advanced and more specific tests that can further distinguish microbial species from each o ther. This volition aid in discovering new microbes and different ways microbes react to certain factors. By doing so, researchers will have a better idea of how to distinguish helpful, potentially life-saving microbes from pathogenic or harmful ones. ReferencesUS Food and Drug Administration. Escherichia Coli. 5 Oct. 2006. . . Todar, Kenneth. Bacillus Cereus Food Poisoning. 2006. . . Schenectady County Community College. Proteus Vulgaris, P. Mirabilis.. . . European Bioinformatics Institute . Staphylococcus Epidermis Can reason Infections in Wounds. 2006-2007. . . E Medicine . take away from Enterobacter Infections. 1996-2006. . . European Bioinformatics Institute . Pseudomonas Fluorescens Is Being Researched as a biologic Control Organism. 2006-2007. . .Unknown Lab ReportMargaret E Gibson July 20, 2009 Microbiology Dr. Metera Lab Report 3 Labs 7 and 8- Metabolism and Biochemical Tests Abstract This experiment focused on metabolism and biochemical tests. The goal of performing these tests was to differentiate microbes from one another and to compare how metabolic and biochemical processes differ from species to species.The tests performed include the Fermentation of Sugars Test (sucrose, glucose, and lactose), the Urease Test, the Fermentation of Lactose Test, the Sulfide Indole Mobility (SIM) Test, the Nitrate Reduction Test, the Protein Hydrolysis Test, the Catalase Test, and the Cytochrome Oxidase Test. The microbes that were tested during this lab were Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, the unknown, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus epidermis, Enterobacter aerogenes, the control, and Pseudomonas fluorescens.The microbes tested during these various tests were looking for which would reduce sulfur/produce sulfate, produce indole, or possess motility, reduce nitrate, and contain protease, catalase and oxidaase. Introduction The purpose of these labs was to observe various metabolic processes by determining the pH of certain bacteria, determining if the b acteria was urease positive or negative, determining which bacteria ferment which sugar(s) during fermentation, and determining if bacteria are lactose fermenters and non-lactose fermenters.Metabolic processes can also be observed by determining if bacteria reduce sulfur/produce sulfate, produce indole, or possess motility, determining which bacteria are able to reduce nitrate, determining if bacteria contain protease, determining if bacteria contain catalase, and determining if bacteria contain oxidase. The tests performed to determine these metabolic processes include the Fermentation of Sugars Test (sucrose, glucose, and lactose), the Urease Test, the Fermentation of Lactose Test, the Sulfide Indole Mobility (SIM) Test, theNitrate Reduction Test, the Protein Hydrolysis Test, the Catalase Test, and the Cytochrome Oxidase Test. The bacteria tested include Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, the unknown, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus epidermis, Enterobacter aerogenes, the control, and Pseudomonas fluorescens. The different types of microbes studied in this experiment include Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus epidermis, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Pseudomonas fluorescens.Escherichia coli is mainly found in animal feces and comprises their intestines as well (US Food and Drug Administration). Bacillus cereus is a known medium of food poisoning and causes vomiting and abdominal cramps (Todar). Proteus vulgaris is connected with food spoilage of meat, poultry, and seafood and may cause diarrhea in infants (Schenectady Country Community College). Staphylococcus epidermis often infects hospital patients with weak immune systems in catheter wounds (European Bioinformatics Institute).Enterobacter aerogenes is the source of numerous infections such as bacteremia, lower respiratory tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, urinary tract infections (UTIs), endocarditis, intra-abdominal infections, septic arthritis, osteomyelit is, and ophthalmic infections (E Medicine). Pseudomonas fluorescens are able to grow in various conditions such as soil, water, and plant habitats (European Bioinformatics Institute). Several hypotheses arise during this experiment due to the many subjects being tested. However, since there are numerous tests being performed, a more general hypothesis can be ascertained.The hypothesis for all tests in both Lab 7 and Lab 8 is that the outcome of the tests will produce the desired results in order to differentiate various species of bacteria from one another and to reveal certain characteristics of metabolic and biochemical processes. Materials and Methods Lab 7 For Part A of Lab 7, label Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, the unknown, and Enterobacter aerogenes on a blue (sucrose), a green (glucose), and a red (lactose) tube. Then, using aseptic technique, inoculate each bacteria into each color tube by sticking the inoculating loop to the bottom of the tube and twirling it, then pu lling it straight out.Record the results. For Part B, label the tubes Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, unknown, and Enterobacter aerogenes. Using aseptic technique, inoculate each tube with the corresponding bacteria by streaking the surface of the agar slant. Record the results. For Part C, label Staphylococcus epidermis, Proteus vulgaris, and Escherichia coli on the Petri plate with the MacConkey agar. Using aseptic technique, inoculate the labeled parts of the plate. Record the results. Lab 8 For Part A of Lab 8, label each tube Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus epidermis, and Proteus vulgaris.Using aseptic technique, stab the inoculating loop ? of the way to the bottom of the tube and then pull it straight out to inoculate each tube with the corresponding bacteria. Record the results. For Part B, label each tube Enterobacter aerogenes and control. Using aseptic technique, inoculate each Tryptic Nitrate tube by sticking the inoculating loop to the bottom of the tube and twirling it, then pulling it straight out. Then, add ten drops of sulfanilic acid anddemehtyl-1-napthylamine. If a red color develops after this step, record the record the results. If not, add zinc dust to the tube and vortex it.Record the results. For Part C, label Enterobacter aerogenes and Bacillus cereus on the milk agar plate. Using aseptic technique, inoculate the plate with the corresponding bacteria. Record the results. For Part D, put a few drops of water on the slide and then inoculate it with Bacillus cereus. Next, add one drop of hydrogen peroxide to the sample. Record the results. For Part E, use a sterile swab to transfer the cells from Enterobacter aerogenes and Pseudomonas fluorescens to a disk. Use a new swab for each sample. Add one drop of water to each disk. Record the results. Results Lab7 Part A pic pic Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 1 is the unknown for sucrose. As shown, it had an orange Figure 2 is Escherichia coli for sucrose. As shown, it was ring at the top that fades to yellow at the bottom, was cloudy orange throughout, had darker solution inside the tube than out, all the way through, and had no bubbles. was very cloudy at the bottom, and had no bubbles. pic pic Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 3 is Enetrobacter aerogenes for sucrose. As shown, it wasFigure 4 is Bacillus cereus for sucrose. As shown, it had a dark yellow and cloudy throughout, and had no bubbles. orange ring at the top and was light orange, it was cloudy at the bottom, and had no bubbles. pic pic Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 5 is Enterobacter aerogenes for glucose.As shown, it wasFigure 6 is the unknown for glucose. As shown, it had an orange all yellow and cloudy (++), and had no bubbles. ring at the top, was yellow and cloudy (++) throughout, and had no bubbles. pic pic Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 7 is Escherichia coli for glucose. As shown, it was Figure 8 is Bacillus cereus for glucose.As shown, it was orange yellow, cloudy at the top, and had no bubbles. throughout and had no bubbles. pic pic Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 9 is the unknown for lactose.As shown, it was uniformly Figure 10 is Enterobacter aerogenes for lactose. As shown, it light red and cloudy (+), and had no bubbles. was light orange and cloudy (++), had a red ring at the top, and had no bubbles. pic pic Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 11 is Escherichia coli for lactose. As shown, it was Figure 12 is Bacillus cereus for lactose.As shown, it was red yellow, cloudy at the top, and had bubbles. throughout and had no bubbles. Lab 7 Part B pic pic Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 13 is the unknown. As shown, it had a red streak of red Figure 14 is Enterobacter aerogenes. As shown, it had faint colonies (+++) and remained the same color. cloudy colonies (+) and remained the same color. pic pic Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 15 is Escherichia coli. As shown, it had faint cloudy Figure 16 is Proteus vulgaris. As shown, it was bright pink colonies (+) and remained the same color. throughout, orange at the bottom, and experienced a change in color. Lab 7 Part C pic Figure 17 Figure 17 is Staphylococcus epidermis, Proteus vulgaris, and Escherichia coli. As shown, the Staphylococcus epidermis showed no growth, the Pseudomonas vulgaris showed substantial growth (+++), and the Escherichia coli showed substantial growth (+++) and turned pink. Lab 8 Part A pic pic Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 19 is Enterobacter aerogenes.As shown, it showed Figure 20 is Staphylococcus epidermis. As shown, it showed no substantial growth (+++). growth. pic Figure 20 Figure 21 is Proteus vulgaris. As shown, it showed substantial growth (+++), turned black, and exhibited a red ring at the top. Lab 8 Part B pic pic Figure 21 Figure 22 Figure 22 is Enterobacter aerogenes. As shown, it was red ? of Figure 23 is the control. As shown, it was red ? of the way the way through separated by black at the bottom. through separat ed by black at the bottom. Lab 8 Part C pic Figure 23Figure 24 is Enterobacter aerogenes and Bacillus cereus. As shown, Bacillus cereus exhibited a lot of growth (++++). Lab 8 Part D pic Figure 24 Figure 25 is Bacillus cereus. As shown, it formed bubbles. Lab 8 Part E pic Figure 25 Figure 26 is Enterobacter aerogenes and Pseudomonas fluorescens. As shown, the Pseudomonas fluroescens turned purple. Discussion The results of this experiment prove that the hypothesis was correct the expected results were obtained and therefore made it possible to differentiate various species of bacteria from one another and to reveal certain characteristics of metabolic and biochemical processes.For example, in the Fermentation of Sugars test, the unknowns pH was slightly alkaline and no carbon dioxide gas was given off (Figures 1, 6, and 9). The Escherichia coli had a pH around neutral for all three of the sugars and there were bubbles in the Durham tube for glucose, so the bacteria produced carbon dioxide gas during fermentation (Figures 2, 7, and 11). The Enterobacter aerogenes had a slightly acidic pH and no carbon dioxide gas was given off (Figures 3, 5, and 10).The Bacillus cereus had a slightly alkaline pH and no carbon dioxide gas was given off (Figures 4, 8, and 12). In the Detection of Urease test, the unknown remained the same color, so it was urease negative (Figure 13). The Enterobacter aerogenes remained the same color, so it was urease negative (Figure 14). The Escherichia coli remained the same color, so it was also urease negative (Figure 15). The Proteus vulgaris turned red, meaning it became alkaline with the production of ammonia, so it was urease positive (Figure 16).In the MacConkey Agar test, the Staphylococcus epidermis exhibited no growth, meaning it is Gram positive, and it does not ferment lactose (Figure 17). The Proteus vulgaris exhibited growth, so it is Gram negative, and it does not ferment lactose (Figure 17). The Escherichia coli exhibited grow th, so it is Gram negative, and it turned red, so it ferments lactose (Figure 17). In the Sulfur Indole Motility test (SIM), Enterobacter aerogenes exhibited growth above the inoculation line, so it is motile (Figure 18). The Staphylococcus epidermis did not exhibit any growth, so it is not motile (Figure 19).The Proteus vulgaris exhibited growth above the inoculation line, turned black, and showed a red ring at the top of the solution, so it is motile, a phosphorus reducer, and an indole producer (Figure 20). In the Nitrate Reduction test, the Enterobacter aerogenes turned red, so the nitrate was not reduced by nitrate reductase, meaning it was nitrate reductase negative (Figure 21). The control also turned red, so the nitrate was not reduced by nitrate reductase, meaning it was also nitrate reductase negative (Figure 22).In the Protein Hydrolysis test, the Enterobacter aerogenes did not exhibit any growth, so it was protease negative (Figure 23). The Bacillus cereus exhibited a lo t of growth and turned the milk agar clear, so it was protease positive (Figure 23). In the Catalase test, the Bacillus cereus bubbled, so it is catalase positive (Figure 24). In the Cytochrome Oxidase test, the Enterbacter aerogenes did not change color, so it is cytochromoe oxidase negative (Figure 25). The Pseudomonas fluorescens turned purple, so it is oxidase positive (Figure 25).As expected in all laboratory experiments, this one had the possibility of human error. Mistakes could have been made by failing to sterilize the inoculating loop correctly, which would result in possible contamination of the sample. Another error could have been possibly occurred by mislabeling the plates according to species, which would produce invalid results. Finally, failing to inoculate the SIM tubes ? of the way to the bottom of the tube would result in the inability to observe whether or not the species is motile or not. Although this experiment went rather smoothly, there is always an opportu nity for mprovement. An example of how this experiment could be made better is by testing more of the same microbes in each test. In Labs 7 and 8, many of the microbes used in the tests were not consistently present in each one. If the same bacteria were used, it would aid greatly in differentiating the same bacteria from one another and observing how metabolic and biochemical processes differ from species to species. This experiment and its results are important to the scientific community because they ultimately serve as a basis for further study of the subject.By learning basic metabolism and biochemical tests used to differentiate microscopic organisms from one another, researchers can then develop more advanced and more specific tests that can further distinguish microbial species from each other. This will aid in discovering new microbes and different ways microbes react to certain factors. By doing so, researchers will have a better idea of how to distinguish helpful, potenti ally life-saving microbes from pathogenic or harmful ones. ReferencesUS Food and Drug Administration. Escherichia Coli. 5 Oct. 2006. . . Todar, Kenneth. Bacillus Cereus Food Poisoning. 2006. . . Schenectady County Community College. Proteus Vulgaris, P. Mirabilis.. . . European Bioinformatics Institute . Staphylococcus Epidermis Can Cause Infections in Wounds. 2006-2007. . . E Medicine . Excerpt from Enterobacter Infections. 1996-2006. . . European Bioinformatics Institute . Pseudomonas Fluorescens Is Being Researched as a Biological Control Organism. 2006-2007. . .Unknown Lab ReportMargaret E Gibson July 20, 2009 Microbiology Dr. Metera Lab Report 3 Labs 7 and 8- Metabolism and Biochemical Tests Abstract This experiment focused on metabolism and biochemical tests. The goal of performing these tests was to differentiate microbes from one another and to compare how metabolic and biochemical processes differ from species to species.The tests performed include the Fermentation of Sugar s Test (sucrose, glucose, and lactose), the Urease Test, the Fermentation of Lactose Test, the Sulfide Indole Mobility (SIM) Test, the Nitrate Reduction Test, the Protein Hydrolysis Test, the Catalase Test, and the Cytochrome Oxidase Test. The microbes that were tested during this lab were Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, the unknown, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus epidermis, Enterobacter aerogenes, the control, and Pseudomonas fluorescens.The microbes tested during these various tests were looking for which would reduce sulfur/produce sulfate, produce indole, or possess motility, reduce nitrate, and contain protease, catalase and oxidaase. Introduction The purpose of these labs was to observe various metabolic processes by determining the pH of certain bacteria, determining if the bacteria was urease positive or negative, determining which bacteria ferment which sugar(s) during fermentation, and determining if bacteria are lactose fermenters and non-lactose fermenters.Metabolic processes can also be observed by determining if bacteria reduce sulfur/produce sulfate, produce indole, or possess motility, determining which bacteria are able to reduce nitrate, determining if bacteria contain protease, determining if bacteria contain catalase, and determining if bacteria contain oxidase. The tests performed to determine these metabolic processes include the Fermentation of Sugars Test (sucrose, glucose, and lactose), the Urease Test, the Fermentation of Lactose Test, the Sulfide Indole Mobility (SIM) Test, theNitrate Reduction Test, the Protein Hydrolysis Test, the Catalase Test, and the Cytochrome Oxidase Test. The bacteria tested include Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, the unknown, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus epidermis, Enterobacter aerogenes, the control, and Pseudomonas fluorescens. The different types of microbes studied in this experiment include Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus epidermis, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Pseudomonas fluorescens.Escherichia coli is mainly found in animal feces and comprises their intestines as well (US Food and Drug Administration). Bacillus cereus is a known medium of food poisoning and causes vomiting and abdominal cramps (Todar). Proteus vulgaris is connected with food spoilage of meat, poultry, and seafood and may cause diarrhea in infants (Schenectady Country Community College). Staphylococcus epidermis often infects hospital patients with weak immune systems in catheter wounds (European Bioinformatics Institute).Enterobacter aerogenes is the source of numerous infections such as bacteremia, lower respiratory tract infections, skin and soft tissue infections, urinary tract infections (UTIs), endocarditis, intra-abdominal infections, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, and ophthalmic infections (E Medicine). Pseudomonas fluorescens are able to grow in various conditions such as soil, water, and plant habitats (European Bioinformatics Institute). Several hypothe ses arise during this experiment due to the many subjects being tested. However, since there are numerous tests being performed, a more general hypothesis can be ascertained.The hypothesis for all tests in both Lab 7 and Lab 8 is that the outcome of the tests will produce the desired results in order to differentiate various species of bacteria from one another and to reveal certain characteristics of metabolic and biochemical processes. Materials and Methods Lab 7 For Part A of Lab 7, label Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, the unknown, and Enterobacter aerogenes on a blue (sucrose), a green (glucose), and a red (lactose) tube. Then, using aseptic technique, inoculate each bacteria into each color tube by sticking the inoculating loop to the bottom of the tube and twirling it, then pulling it straight out.Record the results. For Part B, label the tubes Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, unknown, and Enterobacter aerogenes. Using aseptic technique, inoculate each tube with the co rresponding bacteria by streaking the surface of the agar slant. Record the results. For Part C, label Staphylococcus epidermis, Proteus vulgaris, and Escherichia coli on the Petri plate with the MacConkey agar. Using aseptic technique, inoculate the labeled parts of the plate. Record the results. Lab 8 For Part A of Lab 8, label each tube Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphylococcus epidermis, and Proteus vulgaris.Using aseptic technique, stab the inoculating loop ? of the way to the bottom of the tube and then pull it straight out to inoculate each tube with the corresponding bacteria. Record the results. For Part B, label each tube Enterobacter aerogenes and control. Using aseptic technique, inoculate each Tryptic Nitrate tube by sticking the inoculating loop to the bottom of the tube and twirling it, then pulling it straight out. Then, add ten drops of sulfanilic acid anddemehtyl-1-napthylamine. If a red color develops after this step, record the record the results. If not, add zinc dust to the tube and vortex it.Record the results. For Part C, label Enterobacter aerogenes and Bacillus cereus on the milk agar plate. Using aseptic technique, inoculate the plate with the corresponding bacteria. Record the results. For Part D, put a few drops of water on the slide and then inoculate it with Bacillus cereus. Next, add one drop of hydrogen peroxide to the sample. Record the results. For Part E, use a sterile swab to transfer the cells from Enterobacter aerogenes and Pseudomonas fluorescens to a disk. Use a new swab for each sample. Add one drop of water to each disk. Record the results. Results Lab7 Part A pic pic Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 1 is the unknown for sucrose. As shown, it had an orange Figure 2 is Escherichia coli for sucrose. As shown, it was ring at the top that fades to yellow at the bottom, was cloudy orange throughout, had darker solution inside the tube than out, all the way through, and had no bubbles. was very cloudy at the bottom, and had no bu bbles. pic pic Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 3 is Enetrobacter aerogenes for sucrose. As shown, it wasFigure 4 is Bacillus cereus for sucrose. As shown, it had a dark yellow and cloudy throughout, and had no bubbles. orange ring at the top and was light orange, it was cloudy at the bottom, and had no bubbles. pic pic Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 5 is Enterobacter aerogenes for glucose.As shown, it wasFigure 6 is the unknown for glucose. As shown, it had an orange all yellow and cloudy (++), and had no bubbles. ring at the top, was yellow and cloudy (++) throughout, and had no bubbles. pic pic Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 7 is Escherichia coli for glucose. As shown, it was Figure 8 is Bacillus cereus for glucose.As shown, it was orange yellow, cloudy at the top, and had no bubbles. throughout and had no bubbles. pic pic Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 9 is the unknown for lactose.As shown, it was uniformly Figure 10 is Enterobacter aerogenes for lactose. As shown, it light red and cloudy (+), and had no bubbles. was light orange and cloudy (++), had a red ring at the top, and had no bubbles. pic pic Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 11 is Escherichia coli for lactose. As shown, it was Figure 12 is Bacillus cereus for lactose.As shown, it was red yellow, cloudy at the top, and had bubbles. throughout and had no bubbles. Lab 7 Part B pic pic Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 13 is the unknown. As shown, it had a red streak of red Figure 14 is Enterobacter aerogenes. As shown, it had faint colonies (+++) and remained the same color. cloudy colonies (+) and remained the same color. pic pic Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 15 is Escherichia coli. As shown, it had faint cloudy Figure 16 is Proteus vulgaris. As shown, it was bright pink colonies (+) and remained the same color. throughout, orange at the bottom, and experienced a change in color. Lab 7 Part C pic Figure 17 Figure 17 is Staphylococcus epidermis, Proteus vulgaris, and Escherichia coli. As shown, the Staphylococcus epidermis showed no growth, the Pseudomonas vulgaris showed substantial growth (+++), and the Escherichia coli showed substantial growth (+++) and turned pink. Lab 8 Part A pic pic Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 19 is Enterobacter aerogenes.As shown, it showed Figure 20 is Staphylococcus epidermis. As shown, it showed no substantial growth (+++). growth. pic Figure 20 Figure 21 is Proteus vulgaris. As shown, it showed substantial growth (+++), turned black, and exhibited a red ring at the top. Lab 8 Part B pic pic Figure 21 Figure 22 Figure 22 is Enterobacter aerogenes. As shown, it was red ? of Figure 23 is the control. As shown, it was red ? of the way the way through separated by black at the bottom. through separated by black at the bottom. Lab 8 Part C pic Figure 23Figure 24 is Enterobacter aerogenes and Bacillus cereus. As shown, Bacillus cereus exhibited a lot of growth (++++). Lab 8 Part D pic Figure 24 F igure 25 is Bacillus cereus. As shown, it formed bubbles. Lab 8 Part E pic Figure 25 Figure 26 is Enterobacter aerogenes and Pseudomonas fluorescens. As shown, the Pseudomonas fluroescens turned purple. Discussion The results of this experiment prove that the hypothesis was correct the expected results were obtained and therefore made it possible to differentiate various species of bacteria from one another and to reveal certain characteristics of metabolic and biochemical processes.For example, in the Fermentation of Sugars test, the unknowns pH was slightly alkaline and no carbon dioxide gas was given off (Figures 1, 6, and 9). The Escherichia coli had a pH around neutral for all three of the sugars and there were bubbles in the Durham tube for glucose, so the bacteria produced carbon dioxide gas during fermentation (Figures 2, 7, and 11). The Enterobacter aerogenes had a slightly acidic pH and no carbon dioxide gas was given off (Figures 3, 5, and 10).The Bacillus cereus had a sl ightly alkaline pH and no carbon dioxide gas was given off (Figures 4, 8, and 12). In the Detection of Urease test, the unknown remained the same color, so it was urease negative (Figure 13). The Enterobacter aerogenes remained the same color, so it was urease negative (Figure 14). The Escherichia coli remained the same color, so it was also urease negative (Figure 15). The Proteus vulgaris turned red, meaning it became alkaline with the production of ammonia, so it was urease positive (Figure 16).In the MacConkey Agar test, the Staphylococcus epidermis exhibited no growth, meaning it is Gram positive, and it does not ferment lactose (Figure 17). The Proteus vulgaris exhibited growth, so it is Gram negative, and it does not ferment lactose (Figure 17). The Escherichia coli exhibited growth, so it is Gram negative, and it turned red, so it ferments lactose (Figure 17). In the Sulfur Indole Motility test (SIM), Enterobacter aerogenes exhibited growth above the inoculation line, so it is motile (Figure 18). The Staphylococcus epidermis did not exhibit any growth, so it is not motile (Figure 19).The Proteus vulgaris exhibited growth above the inoculation line, turned black, and showed a red ring at the top of the solution, so it is motile, a phosphorus reducer, and an indole producer (Figure 20). In the Nitrate Reduction test, the Enterobacter aerogenes turned red, so the nitrate was not reduced by nitrate reductase, meaning it was nitrate reductase negative (Figure 21). The control also turned red, so the nitrate was not reduced by nitrate reductase, meaning it was also nitrate reductase negative (Figure 22).In the Protein Hydrolysis test, the Enterobacter aerogenes did not exhibit any growth, so it was protease negative (Figure 23). The Bacillus cereus exhibited a lot of growth and turned the milk agar clear, so it was protease positive (Figure 23). In the Catalase test, the Bacillus cereus bubbled, so it is catalase positive (Figure 24). In the Cytochrome Oxida se test, the Enterbacter aerogenes did not change color, so it is cytochromoe oxidase negative (Figure 25). The Pseudomonas fluorescens turned purple, so it is oxidase positive (Figure 25).As expected in all laboratory experiments, this one had the possibility of human error. Mistakes could have been made by failing to sterilize the inoculating loop correctly, which would result in possible contamination of the sample. Another error could have been possibly occurred by mislabeling the plates according to species, which would produce invalid results. Finally, failing to inoculate the SIM tubes ? of the way to the bottom of the tube would result in the inability to observe whether or not the species is motile or not. Although this experiment went rather smoothly, there is always an opportunity for mprovement. An example of how this experiment could be made better is by testing more of the same microbes in each test. In Labs 7 and 8, many of the microbes used in the tests were not cons istently present in each one. If the same bacteria were used, it would aid greatly in differentiating the same bacteria from one another and observing how metabolic and biochemical processes differ from species to species. This experiment and its results are important to the scientific community because they ultimately serve as a basis for further study of the subject.By learning basic metabolism and biochemical tests used to differentiate microscopic organisms from one another, researchers can then develop more advanced and more specific tests that can further distinguish microbial species from each other. This will aid in discovering new microbes and different ways microbes react to certain factors. By doing so, researchers will have a better idea of how to distinguish helpful, potentially life-saving microbes from pathogenic or harmful ones. ReferencesUS Food and Drug Administration. Escherichia Coli. 5 Oct. 2006. . . Todar, Kenneth. Bacillus Cereus Food Poisoning. 2006. . . Sche nectady County Community College. Proteus Vulgaris, P. Mirabilis.. . . European Bioinformatics Institute . Staphylococcus Epidermis Can Cause Infections in Wounds. 2006-2007. . . E Medicine . Excerpt from Enterobacter Infections. 1996-2006. . . European Bioinformatics Institute . Pseudomonas Fluorescens Is Being Researched as a Biological Control Organism. 2006-2007. . .